The Neurosurgical Operating Room of the Future: Has the Future Arrived?

Jonathan S. Lewin

In the rapidly changing world of neurosurgery, image guidance has gained an increasing role in a wide range of surgical procedures. These techniques include frameless and frame-based stereotactic guidance, intraoperative computed tomography, and, most recently, intraoperative MR imaging. The goals of these methods have included guidance to the site of an abnormality, reduction of the necessary craniotomy size, and avoidance of damage to nearby critical structures.

During the past several years, a number of series have been published describing the utility of intraoperative MR imaging guidance for neurosurgical procedures (1–4). These have suggested many benefits derived from the excellent soft-tissue contrast resolution and near-real-time scan acquisition of intraoperative MR imaging. In addition to the capabilities of conventional stereotactic techniques, intraoperative MR imaging can also guide surgery in the presence of changing levels of brain shift, document the completeness of tumor resection, and monitor the development of intraoperative complications such as hemorrhage while the craniotomy remains open. Although several of these prior reports have described large numbers of patients, the evidence of clinical usefulness has remained largely anecdotal. In order to promote more widespread clinical acceptance of intraoperative MR imaging, and to justify the associated equipment costs, more scientific proof of the effectiveness of this technology and impact on patient outcome is necessary.

The article by Knauth et al in this issue of the AJNR (page 1642) is a highly significant first step toward the scientific proof of efficacy. In this prospective investigation, the authors studied 41 neurosurgical procedures performed with a neuronavigation system based on preoperative MR data. When the operating neurosurgeon believed that all enhancing tumor had been removed, an intraoperative MR imaging set was obtained on a 0.2-T system. Further resection was performed, if necessary and feasible, until all enhancing tumor visible on intraoperative MR images had been resected. After surgery, an early postoperative MR imaging examination at 1.5-T was performed. The authors document a highly statistically significant increase in the success of complete resection of enhancing tumor through the addition of intraoperative MR data, increasing from under 37% after stereotactic neuronavigation alone to over 75% after the addition of intraoperative MR imaging information.

Documentation of the ability to provide more complete resection of enhancing tumor is an essential step toward the acceptance of intraoperative MR imaging techniques into the mainstream neurosurgical community. Nevertheless, before intraoperative MR imaging is accepted as a standard of neurosurgical care, proof of improved patient outcome will be necessary.

With this in mind, the choice of resection of high-grade gliomas as an initial clinical application must be examined, as extension of tumor beyond the enhancing margins is well documented for these tumors. For this reason, this investigation by Knauth et al may be most significant as a proof of concept rather than as a recommendedation of therapy for high-grade glioma. The conclusions of their investigation suggest that the use of this technology for intraoperative monitoring and guidance during resection of low-grade gliomas, metastases, and other better-localized intracranial lesions through the use of intraoperative MR imaging might also significantly benefit the patient. It is these applications, for which complete tumor resection is not only possible but can result in cure, that likely will further drive the dissemination of intraoperative MR imaging technology. There may also be some benefit in improving resection for high-grade glioma. Several neurosurgical series, referenced in the article by Knauth et al, suggest that patient survival or a progression-free interval or both is increased when removal of all enhancing tumor is possible.

An additional issue that merits discussion is the time needed to obtain intraoperative MR images. In this report by Knauth et al, intraoperative imaging required approximately 25 to 30 minutes of scan time and 30 to 35 minutes of setup time. Clearly, if this extra hour of procedure time eliminates the need for repeat craniotomy, it is acceptable. This long imaging time, however, limited intraoperative scanning to a single session with the technique reported by these authors.

Other methods have been described that increase the number of times that MR images can be readily obtained during surgery in order to monitor and guide the procedure more closely. Setup time can be almost eliminated by performing surgery within the scanner, as reported by the group at Brigham and Women's Hospital (1). At our institution, we use the same 0.2-T imaging system as described by Knauth et al, but reduce patient positioning and scan setup to under 2 minutes by performing surgery adjacent to the scanner on a rotating operating table (5, 6). By modification of scan parameters, we also decrease imaging times to approximately 2 minutes for T1-weighted images and 3 minutes for T2-weighted images, without a significant decrease in observable image quality (6). This allows us to obtain images at much more frequent intervals during the surgical procedure.

The time required for image acquisition can also be reduced by performing MR imaging at higher field strength, as recently reported with intraoperative imaging at 1.5-T by the group at University of Minnesota (4). Other techniques with more rapid patient positioning and shortened scan times have also been described at several other institutions, and can allow a marked reduction in the added procedure time necessary for intraoperative MR imaging. It is likely that the proportion of patients in whom complete resection was attained would have been further increased had Knauth and colleagues been able to repeat intraoperative MR imaging without unreasonable lengthening of the surgical procedure.

In summary, intraoperative MR imaging is still a young technology and has only recently taken its first scientific steps toward maturity. Its bright future, however, will undoubtedly be illuminated further as others build on this excellent work of Knauth et al.

References

↵
Schwartz RB, Hsu L, Wong TZ, et al. Intraoperative MR imaging guidance for intracranial neurosurgery: experience with the first 200 cases. Radiology 1999;211:477-488
PubMed
Tronnier VM, Wirtz CR, Knauth M, et al. Intraoperative diagnostic and interventional magnetic resonance imaging in neurosurgery. Neurosurgery 1999;40:891-900
↵
Steinmeier R, Fahlbusch R, Ganslandt O, et al. Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging with the magnetom open scanner: concepts, neurosurgical indications, and procedures: a preliminary report. Neurosurgery 1998;43:739-747
CrossRef PubMed
↵
Hall WA, Martin AJ, Liu H, et al. High-field strength interventional magnetic resonance imaging for pediatric neurosurgery. Pediatr Neurosurg 1998;29:253-259
PubMed
↵
Lewin JS, Wendt M, Duerk JL, Clampitt ME, Oppelt A, Selman WR, Development of a dedicated C-Arm intra-operative MR imaging suite with a rotating, tiltable, surgical table: design and safety issues and preliminary clinical results. Proceedings of the 1999 Meeting of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine; Philadelphia, PA. Abstract 511
↵
Lewin JS, Interventional MR imaging: concepts, systems, and applications in neuroradiology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:735-748
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[1] ↵
Schwartz RB, Hsu L, Wong TZ, et al. Intraoperative MR imaging guidance for intracranial neurosurgery: experience with the first 200 cases. Radiology 1999;211:477-488
PubMed

[2] Tronnier VM, Wirtz CR, Knauth M, et al. Intraoperative diagnostic and interventional magnetic resonance imaging in neurosurgery. Neurosurgery 1999;40:891-900

[3] ↵
Steinmeier R, Fahlbusch R, Ganslandt O, et al. Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging with the magnetom open scanner: concepts, neurosurgical indications, and procedures: a preliminary report. Neurosurgery 1998;43:739-747
CrossRef PubMed

[4] ↵
Hall WA, Martin AJ, Liu H, et al. High-field strength interventional magnetic resonance imaging for pediatric neurosurgery. Pediatr Neurosurg 1998;29:253-259
PubMed

[5] ↵
Lewin JS, Wendt M, Duerk JL, Clampitt ME, Oppelt A, Selman WR, Development of a dedicated C-Arm intra-operative MR imaging suite with a rotating, tiltable, surgical table: design and safety issues and preliminary clinical results. Proceedings of the 1999 Meeting of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine; Philadelphia, PA. Abstract 511

[6] ↵
Lewin JS, Interventional MR imaging: concepts, systems, and applications in neuroradiology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:735-748
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