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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Lesion enhancement in radio-frequency spoiled gradient-echo imaging: theory, experimental evaluation, and clinical implications." />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="1994-01-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="PURPOSE To investigate the lesser lesion conspicuity after gadolinium contrast infusion with radio-frequency spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR) sequences relative to conventional T1-weighted spin-echo techniques.

METHODS The influences of repetition time, echo time, and flip angle on spin-echo and SPGR signal were studied with mathematical modeling of the image signal amplitude for concentrations of gadopentetate dimeglumine solute from 0 to 10 mM. Predictions of signal strength were verified in vitro by imaging of a doped water phantom. The effects of standard (0.1 mmol/kg) and high-dose (0.3 mmol/kg) gadoteridol on spin-echo and SPGR images were also investigated in three patients.

RESULTS The measured amplitude of undoped water and the rate of increase of doped water signal with increasing gadopentetate concentration (slope) for spin-echo 600/11/1/90 degrees (repetition time/echo time/excitations/flip angle) and SPGR (600/11/190 degrees) were similar and exceeded those of SPGR (35/5/145 degrees). Greater increases in SPGR doped water signal and its slope were produced by increasing TR than by varying echo-time or flip angle. The subjective lesion conspicuity and measured lesion contrast at 0.3 mmol/kg were greater with spin-echo (600/11/1/90 degrees) than with SPGR (35/5/145 degrees) in all three patients; the measured lesion enhancement was similar for both techniques in two patients and decreased for SPGR in the third patient.

CONCLUSIONS The phantom studies suggest that the short repetition time of 35 msec, typically used in clinical SPGR imaging, is largely responsible for a reduced signal amplitude and a diminished rate of increase of signal with increasing gadopentetate concentration, relative to spin-echo. Phantom and clinical studies suggest that the dose of paramagnetic agent required to achieve SPGR lesion conspicuity with short repetition time comparable with spin-echo would have to be higher than the dose in current clinical use." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S Rand" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K R Maravilla" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="U Schmiedl" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="1994-01-01" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Lesion enhancement in radio-frequency spoiled gradient-echo imaging: theory, experimental evaluation, and clinical implications." />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;PURPOSE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To investigate the lesser lesion conspicuity after gadolinium contrast infusion with radio-frequency spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR) sequences relative to conventional T1-weighted spin-echo techniques.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;METHODS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The influences of repetition time, echo time, and flip angle on spin-echo and SPGR signal were studied with mathematical modeling of the image signal amplitude for concentrations of gadopentetate dimeglumine solute from 0 to 10 mM. Predictions of signal strength were verified in vitro by imaging of a doped water phantom. The effects of standard (0.1 mmol/kg) and high-dose (0.3 mmol/kg) gadoteridol on spin-echo and SPGR images were also investigated in three patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The measured amplitude of undoped water and the rate of increase of doped water signal with increasing gadopentetate concentration (slope) for spin-echo 600/11/1/90 degrees (repetition time/echo time/excitations/flip angle) and SPGR (600/11/190 degrees) were similar and exceeded those of SPGR (35/5/145 degrees). Greater increases in SPGR doped water signal and its slope were produced by increasing TR than by varying echo-time or flip angle. The subjective lesion conspicuity and measured lesion contrast at 0.3 mmol/kg were greater with spin-echo (600/11/1/90 degrees) than with SPGR (35/5/145 degrees) in all three patients; the measured lesion enhancement was similar for both techniques in two patients and decreased for SPGR in the third patient.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The phantom studies suggest that the short repetition time of 35 msec, typically used in clinical SPGR imaging, is largely responsible for a reduced signal amplitude and a diminished rate of increase of signal with increasing gadopentetate concentration, relative to spin-echo. Phantom and clinical studies suggest that the dose of paramagnetic agent required to achieve SPGR lesion conspicuity with short repetition time comparable with spin-echo would have to be higher than the dose in current clinical use.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="S Rand" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle 98195." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="K R Maravilla" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle 98195." />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Lesion enhancement in radio-frequency spoiled gradient-echo imaging: theory, experimental evaluation, and clinical implications." />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="PURPOSE To investigate the lesser lesion conspicuity after gadolinium contrast infusion with radio-frequency spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR) sequences relative to conventional T1-weighted spin-echo techniques.

METHODS The influences of repetition time, echo time, and flip angle on spin-echo and SPGR signal were studied with mathematical modeling of the image signal amplitude for concentrations of gadopentetate dimeglumine solute from 0 to 10 mM. Predictions of signal strength were verified in vitro by imaging of a doped water phantom. The effects of standard (0.1 mmol/kg) and high-dose (0.3 mmol/kg) gadoteridol on spin-echo and SPGR images were also investigated in three patients.

RESULTS The measured amplitude of undoped water and the rate of increase of doped water signal with increasing gadopentetate concentration (slope) for spin-echo 600/11/1/90 degrees (repetition time/echo time/excitations/flip angle) and SPGR (600/11/190 degrees) were similar and exceeded those of SPGR (35/5/145 degrees). Greater increases in SPGR doped water signal and its slope were produced by increasing TR than by varying echo-time or flip angle. The subjective lesion conspicuity and measured lesion contrast at 0.3 mmol/kg were greater with spin-echo (600/11/1/90 degrees) than with SPGR (35/5/145 degrees) in all three patients; the measured lesion enhancement was similar for both techniques in two patients and decreased for SPGR in the third patient.

CONCLUSIONS The phantom studies suggest that the short repetition time of 35 msec, typically used in clinical SPGR imaging, is largely responsible for a reduced signal amplitude and a diminished rate of increase of signal with increasing gadopentetate concentration, relative to spin-echo. Phantom and clinical studies suggest that the dose of paramagnetic agent required to achieve SPGR lesion conspicuity with short repetition time comparable with spin-echo would have to be higher than the dose in current clinical use." />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="PURPOSE To investigate the lesser lesion conspicuity after gadolinium contrast infusion with radio-frequency spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR) sequences relative to conventional T1-weighted spin-echo techniques.

METHODS The influences of repetition time, echo time, and flip angle on spin-echo and SPGR signal were studied with mathematical modeling of the image signal amplitude for concentrations of gadopentetate dimeglumine solute from 0 to 10 mM. Predictions of signal strength were verified in vitro by imaging of a doped water phantom. The effects of standard (0.1 mmol/kg) and high-dose (0.3 mmol/kg) gadoteridol on spin-echo and SPGR images were also investigated in three patients.

RESULTS The measured amplitude of undoped water and the rate of increase of doped water signal with increasing gadopentetate concentration (slope) for spin-echo 600/11/1/90 degrees (repetition time/echo time/excitations/flip angle) and SPGR (600/11/190 degrees) were similar and exceeded those of SPGR (35/5/145 degrees). Greater increases in SPGR doped water signal and its slope were produced by increasing TR than by varying echo-time or flip angle. The subjective lesion conspicuity and measured lesion contrast at 0.3 mmol/kg were greater with spin-echo (600/11/1/90 degrees) than with SPGR (35/5/145 degrees) in all three patients; the measured lesion enhancement was similar for both techniques in two patients and decreased for SPGR in the third patient.

CONCLUSIONS The phantom studies suggest that the short repetition time of 35 msec, typically used in clinical SPGR imaging, is largely responsible for a reduced signal amplitude and a diminished rate of increase of signal with increasing gadopentetate concentration, relative to spin-echo. Phantom and clinical studies suggest that the dose of paramagnetic agent required to achieve SPGR lesion conspicuity with short repetition time comparable with spin-echo would have to be higher than the dose in current clinical use." />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Lesion enhancement in radio-frequency spoiled gradient-echo imaging: theory, experimental evaluation, and clinical implications.</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">S Rand</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">K R Maravilla</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">U Schmiedl</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">January 1994,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">15 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">27-35; </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-5929--61861507776" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S Rand </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle 98195.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S%2BRand%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Rand%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AS%2BRand%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K R Maravilla </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle 98195.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K%2BR%2BMaravilla%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Maravilla%20KR&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AK%2BR%2BMaravilla%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">U Schmiedl </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle 98195.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=U%2BSchmiedl%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Schmiedl%20U&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AU%2BSchmiedl%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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          <div id="sec-1" class="subsection"><p id="p-1"><strong>PURPOSE</strong> To investigate the lesser lesion conspicuity after gadolinium contrast infusion with radio-frequency spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR) sequences relative to conventional T1-weighted spin-echo techniques.</p></div>
          <div id="sec-2" class="subsection"><p id="p-2"><strong>METHODS</strong> The influences of repetition time, echo time, and flip angle on spin-echo and SPGR signal were studied with mathematical modeling of the image signal amplitude for concentrations of gadopentetate dimeglumine solute from 0 to 10 mM. Predictions of signal strength were verified in vitro by imaging of a doped water phantom. The effects of standard (0.1 mmol/kg) and high-dose (0.3 mmol/kg) gadoteridol on spin-echo and SPGR images were also investigated in three patients.</p></div>
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          <div id="sec-4" class="subsection"><p id="p-4"><strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong> The phantom studies suggest that the short repetition time of 35 msec, typically used in clinical SPGR imaging, is largely responsible for a reduced signal amplitude and a diminished rate of increase of signal with increasing gadopentetate concentration, relative to spin-echo. Phantom and clinical studies suggest that the dose of paramagnetic agent required to achieve SPGR lesion conspicuity with short repetition time comparable with spin-echo would have to be higher than the dose in current clinical use.</p></div>
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