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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Comments on “Prolonged Microgravity Affects Human Brain Structure and Function”</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">J.J. Bevelacqua</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">J. Welsh</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">S.M.J. Mortazavi</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">February 2020,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(2) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">E7; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6387 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-73082--61164328714" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J.J. Bevelacqua </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>Bevelacqua Resources Richland, Washington</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.J.%2BBevelacqua%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bevelacqua%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.J.%2BBevelacqua%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9561-8767" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J.J. Bevelacqua</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Welsh </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Radiation Oncology Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital Hines, Illinois</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BWelsh%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Welsh%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BWelsh%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3255-6412" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J. Welsh</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.M.J. Mortazavi </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Diagnostic Imaging Department Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Medical Physics DepartmentSchool of MedicineShiraz, Iran</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.M.J.%2BMortazavi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mortazavi%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.M.J.%2BMortazavi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0139-2774" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.M.J. Mortazavi</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance="highwire_reflinks_tooltip" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div class="article fulltext-view "><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-start"></span><p id="p-1">This letter addresses the article, “Prolonged Microgravity Affects Human Brain Structure and Function.”<sup><a id="xref-ref-1-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-1">1</a></sup> To investigate whether brain structural changes (which can be observed after long-term space missions) are associated with alterations in motor or cognitive function, Roberts et al<sup><a id="xref-ref-1-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-1">1</a></sup> retrospectively analyzed brain MR images of National Aeronautics and Space Administration astronauts to quantify pre- to postflight alterations in brain structure. They showed that brain structural changes were linked to changes in cognitive and motor test scores as well as the development of spaceflight-associated neuro-optic syndrome. However, due to the small sample size and number of comparisons, they suggested that their findings should be interpreted with cautioun.</p><p id="p-2">Although this article has certain strengths, it has at least 1 major shortcoming that stems from ignoring the key point that in long-duration deep space missions, astronauts are exposed to multiple stressors ranging from psychological stress due to the confined environment to ionizing radiation and gravitational changes. It is not well-understood whether these stressors impact the central nervous system only individually or in combination (ie, synergistically). However, what we are fully aware of is the key role of space radiation on human brain function, according to Parihar et al,<sup><a id="xref-ref-2-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-2">2</a></sup> “The Mars mission will result in an inevitable exposure to cosmic radiation that has been shown to cause cognitive impairments in rodent models, and possibly in astronauts engaged in deep space travel.” Cucinotta et al<sup><a id="xref-ref-3-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-3">3</a></sup> have also confirmed galactic cosmic ray (GCR)-induced alterations in astronauts’ cognitive function, “Galactic cosmic rays may alter astronauts, cognition during space missions.” Cucinotta et al also reported that exposure to GCRs can be associated with increased risk of CNS disorders, “GCR[s] may increase central nervous system risks including Alzheimer disease.” Most important, Krukowski et al<sup><a id="xref-ref-4-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-4">4</a></sup> reported that novel pharmaceutical agents are being explored for their ability to protect memory function in rodents exposed to simulated cosmic radiation, “Now neuroscientists have identified a potential treatment for the brain damage caused by cosmic rays, a drug that prevents memory impairment in mice exposed to simulated space radiation.” In summary, this omission has possibly affected the validity of the findings of the study conducted by Roberts et al.<sup><a id="xref-ref-1-3" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-1">1</a></sup></p><div class="section fn-group" id="fn-group-1"><h2>Footnotes</h2><ul><li class="fn-financial-disclosure" id="fn-1"><p id="p-3">Disclosures: James Welsh—<em>UNRELATED</em>: <em>Grant</em>: I have a Small Business Innovation Research grant from the National Institutes of Health, but it is related to proton radiography and proton beam CT scanning; <em>Consulting Fee or Honorarium</em>: I am an advisor to TAE Life Sciences for boron neutron capture therapy.* <em>Membership</em>: Coqui Pharma, <em>Comments</em>: I have received no financial remuneration; <em>Employment</em>: Department of Veterans Affairs, <em>Comments</em>: This is my primary employer; <em>Patents (Planned, Pending or Issued)</em>: I hold a patent for a method to reduce adverse effects of reirradiation by adjusting the effective dose rate. So far, I have received no financial benefit; <em>Royalties</em>: Prometheus Books, <em>Comments</em>: I am the author of <em>Sharks Get Cancer, Mole Rats Don’t: How Animals Might Hold the Key to Cancer Immunity</em>. This was published in 2016. *Money paid to the institution.</p></li></ul></div><div class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2 class="">References</h2><ol class="cit-list ref-use-labels"><li><span class="ref-label">1.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1. in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-41.2.E7.1" data-doi="10.3174/ajnr.A6249"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Roberts</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">DR</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Brown</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">TR</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Nietert</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">PJ</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Prolonged microgravity affects human brain structure and function</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">AJNR Am J Neuroradiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">40</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1878</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">85</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.3174/ajnr.A6249</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>31624117</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoiYWpuciI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czoxMDoiNDAvMTEvMTg3OCI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjE4OiIvYWpuci80MS8yL0U3LmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">2.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-2-1" title="View reference 2. in text" id="ref-2">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-41.2.E7.2" data-doi="10.1038/srep34774"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Parihar</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">VK</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Allen</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">BD</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Caressi</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Cosmic radiation exposure and persistent cognitive dysfunction</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Sci Rep</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">6</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">34774</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.1038/srep34774</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>27721383</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/srep34774&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=27721383&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F41%2F2%2FE7.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">3.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-3-1" title="View reference 3. in text" id="ref-3">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-41.2.E7.3" data-doi="10.1016/j.lssr.2014.06.003"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Cucinotta</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">FA</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Alp</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Sulzman</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">FM</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Space radiation risks to the central nervous system</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Life Sciences in Space Research</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2014</span>;<span class="cit-vol">2</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">54</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">69</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.1016/j.lssr.2014.06.003</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.lssr.2014.06.003&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">4.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-4-1" title="View reference 4. in text" id="ref-4">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-41.2.E7.4" data-doi="10.1038/s41598-018-26039-7"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Krukowski</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">K</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Feng</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">X</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Paladini</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">MS</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Temporary microglia-depletion after cosmic radiation modifies phagocytic activity and prevents cognitive deficits</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Sci Rep</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">8</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">7857</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.1038/s41598-018-26039-7</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>29777152</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/s41598-018-26039-7&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=29777152&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F41%2F2%2FE7.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li></ol></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">© 2020 by American Journal of Neuroradiology</li></ul><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div></div>  </div>

  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bevelacqua</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Welsh</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.M.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mortazavi</span></span></span></div>
  
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