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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Measurement of human brain lithium in vivo by MR spectroscopy." />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="1993-09-01" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="PURPOSE To quantify lithium in the human brain.

METHODS A 7Li MR spectroscopy method was developed with special features for high precision including: a) sampling a large cerebral volume to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio; b) adiabatic excitation pulses to ensure uniform spin mutation; c) morphometric analysis of the MR images of the sampled cerebrum; d) a mathematical model derived from empirical data to correct for receiver inhomogeneity effects; and e) a long interpulse delay, to eliminate errors arising from uncertain T1 values.

RESULTS A theoretical precision of 5.2% and an accuracy of better than 7.2% in someone with a brain lithium level of 1.0 mEq per liter of cerebral volume and precision and accuracy of 6.8 and 8.6%, respectively, in someone with 0.5 mEq/L brain lithium was calculated. This level of precision was surpassed in phantoms and patients. Brain lithium in 10 patients treated with lithium carbonate varied from 0.52 to 0.87 mEq/L (mean = 0.58 mEq/L; SD = 0.17 mEq/L). Brain-to-serum lithium ratios varied from 0.50 to 0.97 mEq/L (mean = 0.77 mEq/L; SD = 0.14 mEq/L). Substantial variation in brain lithium was observed in patients with similar serum lithium.

CONCLUSIONS A highly reliable method to quantify human brain lithium by 7Li MR spectroscopy has been implemented. Unexpected variability in brain versus serum levels of lithium was detected in patients with bipolar disease." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R G González" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A R Guimaraes" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G S Sachs" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J F Rosenbaum" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M Garwood" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P F Renshaw" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="1993-09-01" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Measurement of human brain lithium in vivo by MR spectroscopy." />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;PURPOSE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To quantify lithium in the human brain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;METHODS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A 7Li MR spectroscopy method was developed with special features for high precision including: a) sampling a large cerebral volume to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio; b) adiabatic excitation pulses to ensure uniform spin mutation; c) morphometric analysis of the MR images of the sampled cerebrum; d) a mathematical model derived from empirical data to correct for receiver inhomogeneity effects; and e) a long interpulse delay, to eliminate errors arising from uncertain T1 values.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A theoretical precision of 5.2% and an accuracy of better than 7.2% in someone with a brain lithium level of 1.0 mEq per liter of cerebral volume and precision and accuracy of 6.8 and 8.6%, respectively, in someone with 0.5 mEq/L brain lithium was calculated. This level of precision was surpassed in phantoms and patients. Brain lithium in 10 patients treated with lithium carbonate varied from 0.52 to 0.87 mEq/L (mean = 0.58 mEq/L; SD = 0.17 mEq/L). Brain-to-serum lithium ratios varied from 0.50 to 0.97 mEq/L (mean = 0.77 mEq/L; SD = 0.14 mEq/L). Substantial variation in brain lithium was observed in patients with similar serum lithium.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A highly reliable method to quantify human brain lithium by 7Li MR spectroscopy has been implemented. Unexpected variability in brain versus serum levels of lithium was detected in patients with bipolar disease.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="1993/09/01" />
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<meta name="citation_article_type" content="Abstract" />
<meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1027" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="R G González" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="A R Guimaraes" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="G S Sachs" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="J F Rosenbaum" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="M Garwood" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="P F Renshaw" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Measurement of human brain lithium in vivo by MR spectroscopy." />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="PURPOSE To quantify lithium in the human brain.

METHODS A 7Li MR spectroscopy method was developed with special features for high precision including: a) sampling a large cerebral volume to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio; b) adiabatic excitation pulses to ensure uniform spin mutation; c) morphometric analysis of the MR images of the sampled cerebrum; d) a mathematical model derived from empirical data to correct for receiver inhomogeneity effects; and e) a long interpulse delay, to eliminate errors arising from uncertain T1 values.

RESULTS A theoretical precision of 5.2% and an accuracy of better than 7.2% in someone with a brain lithium level of 1.0 mEq per liter of cerebral volume and precision and accuracy of 6.8 and 8.6%, respectively, in someone with 0.5 mEq/L brain lithium was calculated. This level of precision was surpassed in phantoms and patients. Brain lithium in 10 patients treated with lithium carbonate varied from 0.52 to 0.87 mEq/L (mean = 0.58 mEq/L; SD = 0.17 mEq/L). Brain-to-serum lithium ratios varied from 0.50 to 0.97 mEq/L (mean = 0.77 mEq/L; SD = 0.14 mEq/L). Substantial variation in brain lithium was observed in patients with similar serum lithium.

CONCLUSIONS A highly reliable method to quantify human brain lithium by 7Li MR spectroscopy has been implemented. Unexpected variability in brain versus serum levels of lithium was detected in patients with bipolar disease." />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Measurement of human brain lithium in vivo by MR spectroscopy." />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/14/5/1027" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="PURPOSE To quantify lithium in the human brain.

METHODS A 7Li MR spectroscopy method was developed with special features for high precision including: a) sampling a large cerebral volume to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio; b) adiabatic excitation pulses to ensure uniform spin mutation; c) morphometric analysis of the MR images of the sampled cerebrum; d) a mathematical model derived from empirical data to correct for receiver inhomogeneity effects; and e) a long interpulse delay, to eliminate errors arising from uncertain T1 values.

RESULTS A theoretical precision of 5.2% and an accuracy of better than 7.2% in someone with a brain lithium level of 1.0 mEq per liter of cerebral volume and precision and accuracy of 6.8 and 8.6%, respectively, in someone with 0.5 mEq/L brain lithium was calculated. This level of precision was surpassed in phantoms and patients. Brain lithium in 10 patients treated with lithium carbonate varied from 0.52 to 0.87 mEq/L (mean = 0.58 mEq/L; SD = 0.17 mEq/L). Brain-to-serum lithium ratios varied from 0.50 to 0.97 mEq/L (mean = 0.77 mEq/L; SD = 0.14 mEq/L). Substantial variation in brain lithium was observed in patients with similar serum lithium.

CONCLUSIONS A highly reliable method to quantify human brain lithium by 7Li MR spectroscopy has been implemented. Unexpected variability in brain versus serum levels of lithium was detected in patients with bipolar disease." />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Measurement of human brain lithium in vivo by MR spectroscopy.</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">R G González</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">A R Guimaraes</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">G S Sachs</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">J F Rosenbaum</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">M Garwood</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">P F Renshaw</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">September 1993,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">14 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(5) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1027-1037; </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-5829--61455624378" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R G González </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R%2BG%2BGonz%C3%A1lez%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gonz%C3%A1lez%20RG&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 14</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 5 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Sep 1993 </div></div>
      
      
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