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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Fast spin-echo MR imaging of the cervical spine: influence of echo train length and echo spacing on image contrast and quality." />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="1993-09-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="PURPOSE To examine the interaction of echo train length and interecho spacing and their effects on image quality and contrast in fast spin-echo sequences of the cervical spine.

METHODS Forty-three patients with suspected cervical disk disease were prospectively evaluated with fast spin-echo with varying echo train lengths and interecho spacing. A flow phantom was used to confirm findings related to cerebrospinal fluid pulsation. Parameters were manipulated to adjust contrast, signal-to-noise ratio, the effects of artifacts, and the speed of acquisition.

RESULTS In general, increasing echo train length increased homogeneity and high intensity of cerebrospinal fluid signal and reduced acquisition time; however, it decreased the signal-to-noise ratio of cerebrospinal fluid and cord and increased blurring, and, to a lesser extent, edge enhancement, and &quot;truncation-type&quot; artifact. Increasing interecho space permitted the use of longer echo times but minimally decreased contrast and signal-to-noise ratio of cord and cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, increasing echo spacing increased blurring, edge enhancement, truncation-type, magnetic susceptibility, and motion artifacts.

CONCLUSIONS For cervical spine imaging, a long echo train length and short echo spacing partially compensate for cerebrospinal fluid flow and produce the best myelographic effect but must be modulated by other constraints, such as artifact production or technical capabilities." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G Sze" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Y Kawamura" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C Negishi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R T Constable" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M Merriam" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K Oshio" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="F Jolesz" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="1993-09-01" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Fast spin-echo MR imaging of the cervical spine: influence of echo train length and echo spacing on image contrast and quality." />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;PURPOSE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To examine the interaction of echo train length and interecho spacing and their effects on image quality and contrast in fast spin-echo sequences of the cervical spine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;METHODS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Forty-three patients with suspected cervical disk disease were prospectively evaluated with fast spin-echo with varying echo train lengths and interecho spacing. A flow phantom was used to confirm findings related to cerebrospinal fluid pulsation. Parameters were manipulated to adjust contrast, signal-to-noise ratio, the effects of artifacts, and the speed of acquisition.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In general, increasing echo train length increased homogeneity and high intensity of cerebrospinal fluid signal and reduced acquisition time; however, it decreased the signal-to-noise ratio of cerebrospinal fluid and cord and increased blurring, and, to a lesser extent, edge enhancement, and &quot;truncation-type&quot; artifact. Increasing interecho space permitted the use of longer echo times but minimally decreased contrast and signal-to-noise ratio of cord and cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, increasing echo spacing increased blurring, edge enhancement, truncation-type, magnetic susceptibility, and motion artifacts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For cervical spine imaging, a long echo train length and short echo spacing partially compensate for cerebrospinal fluid flow and produce the best myelographic effect but must be modulated by other constraints, such as artifact production or technical capabilities.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="1993/09/01" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="G Sze" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Y Kawamura" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="C Negishi" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="R T Constable" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="M Merriam" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="K Oshio" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510." />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Fast spin-echo MR imaging of the cervical spine: influence of echo train length and echo spacing on image contrast and quality." />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="PURPOSE To examine the interaction of echo train length and interecho spacing and their effects on image quality and contrast in fast spin-echo sequences of the cervical spine.

METHODS Forty-three patients with suspected cervical disk disease were prospectively evaluated with fast spin-echo with varying echo train lengths and interecho spacing. A flow phantom was used to confirm findings related to cerebrospinal fluid pulsation. Parameters were manipulated to adjust contrast, signal-to-noise ratio, the effects of artifacts, and the speed of acquisition.

RESULTS In general, increasing echo train length increased homogeneity and high intensity of cerebrospinal fluid signal and reduced acquisition time; however, it decreased the signal-to-noise ratio of cerebrospinal fluid and cord and increased blurring, and, to a lesser extent, edge enhancement, and &quot;truncation-type&quot; artifact. Increasing interecho space permitted the use of longer echo times but minimally decreased contrast and signal-to-noise ratio of cord and cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, increasing echo spacing increased blurring, edge enhancement, truncation-type, magnetic susceptibility, and motion artifacts.

CONCLUSIONS For cervical spine imaging, a long echo train length and short echo spacing partially compensate for cerebrospinal fluid flow and produce the best myelographic effect but must be modulated by other constraints, such as artifact production or technical capabilities." />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Fast spin-echo MR imaging of the cervical spine: influence of echo train length and echo spacing on image contrast and quality." />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="PURPOSE To examine the interaction of echo train length and interecho spacing and their effects on image quality and contrast in fast spin-echo sequences of the cervical spine.

METHODS Forty-three patients with suspected cervical disk disease were prospectively evaluated with fast spin-echo with varying echo train lengths and interecho spacing. A flow phantom was used to confirm findings related to cerebrospinal fluid pulsation. Parameters were manipulated to adjust contrast, signal-to-noise ratio, the effects of artifacts, and the speed of acquisition.

RESULTS In general, increasing echo train length increased homogeneity and high intensity of cerebrospinal fluid signal and reduced acquisition time; however, it decreased the signal-to-noise ratio of cerebrospinal fluid and cord and increased blurring, and, to a lesser extent, edge enhancement, and &quot;truncation-type&quot; artifact. Increasing interecho space permitted the use of longer echo times but minimally decreased contrast and signal-to-noise ratio of cord and cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, increasing echo spacing increased blurring, edge enhancement, truncation-type, magnetic susceptibility, and motion artifacts.

CONCLUSIONS For cervical spine imaging, a long echo train length and short echo spacing partially compensate for cerebrospinal fluid flow and produce the best myelographic effect but must be modulated by other constraints, such as artifact production or technical capabilities." />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Fast spin-echo MR imaging of the cervical spine: influence of echo train length and echo spacing on image contrast and quality.</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">G Sze</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Y Kawamura</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">C Negishi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">R T Constable</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">M Merriam</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">K Oshio</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">F Jolesz</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">September 1993,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">14 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(5) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1203-1213; </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-5851--6388010821" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">G Sze </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=G%2BSze%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sze%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AG%2BSze%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" 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href="/search/author1%3AY%2BKawamura%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C Negishi </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C%2BNegishi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Negishi%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 14</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 5 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Sep 1993 </div></div>
      
      
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Sep 1993, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">14 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(5) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1203-1213; </span></div>
  
  
  
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