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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Digitized Cerebral Synchrotron Radiation Angiography: Quantitative Evaluation of the Canine Circle of Willis and Its Large and Small Branches" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="1999-05-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Conventional X-ray angiography lacks the sensitivity and spatial resolution needed to detect small amounts of iodinated contrast material and to quantitate diameters of the small vessels in the brain. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether digitized synchrotron radiation microangiography, with the use of a high-definition TV camera system, can accurately show small cerebral vessels.

METHODS: Six anesthetized dogs were exposed to monochromatic synchrotron radiation with an energy level of 33.3 keV optimized for iodine detection while iodinated contrast material was injected into the brachiocephalic and vertebral arteries. The images were detected with a high-definition TV camera system with a spatial resolution of 30 μ m. In all, 26 cerebral angiograms of the circle of Willis with its branches were obtained, and the images were digitized at a workstation.

RESULTS: The small branches of the circle of Willis were clearly visible on all images. Vasodilatation of the circle of Willis and its large and small branches induced by CO2 inhalation was quantitatively confirmed on the images: for example, the diameter of one small branch was increased from 0.24 ± 0.04 mm to 0.38 ± 0.12 mm. Temporal subtraction improved the image quality.

CONCLUSION: The synchrotron radiation angiographic system is useful for visualizing large and small vessels deep in the brain as well as for quantitating their diameters." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Etsuro Tanaka" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Akira Tanaka" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Takafumi Sekka" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Yoshiro Shinozaki" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kazuyuki Hyodo" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Keiji Umetani" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Hidezo Mori" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="1999-05-01" />
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Digitized Cerebral Synchrotron Radiation Angiography: Quantitative Evaluation of the Canine Circle of Willis and Its Large and Small Branches" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/i&gt; Conventional X-ray angiography lacks the sensitivity and spatial resolution needed to detect small amounts of iodinated contrast material and to quantitate diameters of the small vessels in the brain. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether digitized synchrotron radiation microangiography, with the use of a high-definition TV camera system, can accurately show small cerebral vessels.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;METHODS:&lt;/i&gt; Six anesthetized dogs were exposed to monochromatic synchrotron radiation with an energy level of 33.3 keV optimized for iodine detection while iodinated contrast material was injected into the brachiocephalic and vertebral arteries. The images were detected with a high-definition TV camera system with a spatial resolution of 30 &lt;i&gt;μ&lt;/i&gt;m. In all, 26 cerebral angiograms of the circle of Willis with its branches were obtained, and the images were digitized at a workstation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/i&gt; The small branches of the circle of Willis were clearly visible on all images. Vasodilatation of the circle of Willis and its large and small branches induced by CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; inhalation was quantitatively confirmed on the images: for example, the diameter of one small branch was increased from 0.24 ± 0.04 mm to 0.38 ± 0.12 mm. Temporal subtraction improved the image quality.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;CONCLUSION:&lt;/i&gt; The synchrotron radiation angiographic system is useful for visualizing large and small vessels deep in the brain as well as for quantitating their diameters.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Etsuro Tanaka" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Akira Tanaka" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Takafumi Sekka" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Yoshiro Shinozaki" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Kazuyuki Hyodo" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Keiji Umetani" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Digitized Cerebral Synchrotron Radiation Angiography: Quantitative Evaluation of the Canine Circle of Willis and Its Large and Small Branches" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Conventional X-ray angiography lacks the sensitivity and spatial resolution needed to detect small amounts of iodinated contrast material and to quantitate diameters of the small vessels in the brain. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether digitized synchrotron radiation microangiography, with the use of a high-definition TV camera system, can accurately show small cerebral vessels.

METHODS: Six anesthetized dogs were exposed to monochromatic synchrotron radiation with an energy level of 33.3 keV optimized for iodine detection while iodinated contrast material was injected into the brachiocephalic and vertebral arteries. The images were detected with a high-definition TV camera system with a spatial resolution of 30 μ m. In all, 26 cerebral angiograms of the circle of Willis with its branches were obtained, and the images were digitized at a workstation.

RESULTS: The small branches of the circle of Willis were clearly visible on all images. Vasodilatation of the circle of Willis and its large and small branches induced by CO2 inhalation was quantitatively confirmed on the images: for example, the diameter of one small branch was increased from 0.24 ± 0.04 mm to 0.38 ± 0.12 mm. Temporal subtraction improved the image quality.

CONCLUSION: The synchrotron radiation angiographic system is useful for visualizing large and small vessels deep in the brain as well as for quantitating their diameters." />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Conventional X-ray angiography lacks the sensitivity and spatial resolution needed to detect small amounts of iodinated contrast material and to quantitate diameters of the small vessels in the brain. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether digitized synchrotron radiation microangiography, with the use of a high-definition TV camera system, can accurately show small cerebral vessels.

METHODS: Six anesthetized dogs were exposed to monochromatic synchrotron radiation with an energy level of 33.3 keV optimized for iodine detection while iodinated contrast material was injected into the brachiocephalic and vertebral arteries. The images were detected with a high-definition TV camera system with a spatial resolution of 30 μ m. In all, 26 cerebral angiograms of the circle of Willis with its branches were obtained, and the images were digitized at a workstation.

RESULTS: The small branches of the circle of Willis were clearly visible on all images. Vasodilatation of the circle of Willis and its large and small branches induced by CO2 inhalation was quantitatively confirmed on the images: for example, the diameter of one small branch was increased from 0.24 ± 0.04 mm to 0.38 ± 0.12 mm. Temporal subtraction improved the image quality.

CONCLUSION: The synchrotron radiation angiographic system is useful for visualizing large and small vessels deep in the brain as well as for quantitating their diameters." />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node2633--5" data-node-nid="2633" id="top-node-2633--61855238538" data-pisa="ajnr;20/5/801" data-pisa-master="ajnr;20/5/801" data-apath="/ajnr/20/5/801.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">BRAIN</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Digitized Cerebral Synchrotron Radiation Angiography: Quantitative Evaluation of the Canine Circle of Willis and Its Large and Small Branches</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Etsuro Tanaka</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Akira Tanaka</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Takafumi Sekka</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">Yoshiro Shinozaki</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Kazuyuki Hyodo</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Keiji Umetani</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">Hidezo Mori</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">May 1999,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">20 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(5) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">801-806; </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-2633--61855238538" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Etsuro Tanaka </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Etsuro%2BTanaka%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Tanaka%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AEtsuro%2BTanaka%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Akira Tanaka </div><ul 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2>References</h2><ol class="cit-list"><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1 in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-20.5.801.1"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Samuelsson M, Soderfeldt B, Olsson GB.   <strong>Functional outcome in patients with lacunar infarction.</strong>  <span class="cit-source">Stroke</span>  <span class="cit-pub-date">1996</span>;<span class="cit-vol">27</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">842</span>-846</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6OToic3Ryb2tlYWhhIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjg6IjI3LzUvODQyIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MTk6Ii9ham5yLzIwLzUvODAxLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-2-1" title="View reference 2 in text" id="ref-2">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-20.5.801.2"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Clavier I, Hommel M, Besson G, Noelle B, Perret JE.   <strong>Long-term prognosis of symptomatic lacunar infarcts: a hospital-based study.</strong>  <span class="cit-source">Stroke</span>  <span class="cit-pub-date">1994</span>;<span class="cit-vol">25</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">2005</span>-2009</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6OToic3Ryb2tlYWhhIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEwOiIyNS8xMC8yMDA1IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MTk6Ii9ham5yLzIwLzUvODAxLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other no-rev-xref" id="cit-20.5.801.3" data-doi="10.1161/01.STR.27.4.661"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Salgado AV, Ferro JM, Gouveia OA.   <strong>Long-term prognosis of first-ever lacunar strokes: a hospital-based study.</strong>  <span class="cit-source">Stroke</span>  <span class="cit-pub-date">1996</span>;<span class="cit-vol">27</span>:<span 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class="cit-pub-date">1998</span>;<span class="cit-vol">29</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1315</span>-1319</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6OToic3Ryb2tlYWhhIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjk6IjI5LzcvMTMxNSI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjE5OiIvYWpuci8yMC81LzgwMS5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-5-1" title="View reference 5 in text" id="ref-5">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-20.5.801.5"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Takahashi M, Bussaka H, Nakagawa N.   <strong>Evaluation of the cerebral vasculature by intraarterial DSA–with emphasis on in vivo resolution.</strong>  <span class="cit-source">Neuroradiology</span>  <span class="cit-pub-date">1984</span>;<span class="cit-vol">26</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">253</span>-259</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=6379497&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F20%2F5%2F801.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-6-1" title="View reference 6 in text" id="ref-6">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-20.5.801.6"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Mori H, Hyodo K, Tanaka E,   et al.   <strong>Small vessel radiography in situ by using monochromatic synchrotron radiation.</strong>  <span class="cit-source">Radiology</span>  <span class="cit-pub-date">1996</span>;<span class="cit-vol">201</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">173</span>-177</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a 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K, Tobita K,    et al.   <strong>Visualization of penetrating transmural arteries in situ by monochromatic synchrotron radiation.</strong>  <span class="cit-source">Circulation</span>  <span class="cit-pub-date">1994</span>;<span class="cit-vol">89</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">863</span>-871</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MTQ6ImNpcmN1bGF0aW9uYWhhIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjg6Ijg5LzIvODYzIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MTk6Ii9ham5yLzIwLzUvODAxLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-9-1" title="View reference 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class="cit-metadata"><cite>Hino A, Weir BKA, Macdoonald RL, Thisted RA, Kim C-J, Johns LM.   <strong>Prospective, randomized, double-blind trial of BQ-123 and bosentan for prevention of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage in monkeys.</strong>  <span class="cit-source">J Neurosurg</span>  <span class="cit-pub-date">1995</span>;<span class="cit-vol">83</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">503</span>-509</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=7666230&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F20%2F5%2F801.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1995RR00100019&amp;link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li></ol></div></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 20</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 5 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 May 1999 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Digitized Cerebral Synchrotron Radiation Angiography: Quantitative Evaluation of the Canine Circle of Willis and Its Large and Small Branches</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Etsuro</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Tanaka</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Akira</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Tanaka</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Takafumi</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sekka</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Yoshiro</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Shinozaki</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Kazuyuki</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hyodo</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Keiji</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Umetani</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Hidezo</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mori</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">May 1999, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">20 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(5) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">801-806; </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Digitized Cerebral Synchrotron Radiation Angiography: Quantitative Evaluation of the Canine Circle of Willis and Its Large and Small Branches</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Etsuro</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Tanaka</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Akira</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Tanaka</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Takafumi</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sekka</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Yoshiro</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Shinozaki</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Kazuyuki</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hyodo</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Keiji</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Umetani</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Hidezo</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mori</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">May 1999, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">20 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(5) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">801-806; </span></div>
  
  
  
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