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<meta name="DC.Title" content="MDMA (“Ecstasy”) and Its Association with Cerebrovascular Accidents: Preliminary Findings" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2000-06-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Abuse of the popular recreational drug “Ecstasy” (MDMA) has been linked to the occurrence of cerebrovascular accidents. It is known that MDMA alters brain serotonin (5-HT) concentrations and that brain postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors play a role in the regulation of brain microvasculature. Therefore, we used brain imaging to find out whether MDMA use predisposes one to cerebrovascular accidents by altering brain 5-HT neurotransmission.

METHODS: The effects of MDMA use on brain cortical 5-HT2A receptor densities were studied using [123I]R91150 single-photon emission CT in 10 abstinent recent MDMA users, five former MDMA users, and 10 healthy control subjects. Furthermore, to examine whether changes in brain 5-HT2A receptor densities are associated with alterations in blood vessel volumes, we calculated relative cerebral blood volume maps from dynamic MR imaging sets in five MDMA users and six healthy control subjects.

RESULTS: An analysis of variance revealed that mean cortical [123I]R91150 binding ratios were significantly lower in recent MDMA users than in former MDMA users and control subjects. This finding suggests down-regulation of 5-HT2 receptors caused by MDMA-induced 5-HT release. Furthermore, in MDMA users, low cortical 5-HT2 receptor densities were significantly associated with low cerebral blood vessel volumes (implicating vasoconstriction) and high cortical 5-HT2 receptor densities with high cerebral blood vessel volumes (implicating vasodilatation) in specific brain regions.

CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a relationship between the serotonergic system and an altered regulation of 5-HT2 receptors in human MDMA users. MDMA users may therefore be at risk for cerebrovascular accidents resulting from alterations in the 5-HT neurotransmission system." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Liesbeth Reneman" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Jan B. A. Habraken" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Charles B. L. Majoie" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Jan Booij" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Gerard J. den Heeten" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2000-06-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="BRAIN" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="MDMA (“Ecstasy”) and Its Association with Cerebrovascular Accidents: Preliminary Findings" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/i&gt; Abuse of the popular recreational drug “Ecstasy” (MDMA) has been linked to the occurrence of cerebrovascular accidents. It is known that MDMA alters brain serotonin (5-HT) concentrations and that brain postsynaptic 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; receptors play a role in the regulation of brain microvasculature. Therefore, we used brain imaging to find out whether MDMA use predisposes one to cerebrovascular accidents by altering brain 5-HT neurotransmission.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;METHODS:&lt;/i&gt; The effects of MDMA use on brain cortical 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt; receptor densities were studied using [&lt;sup&gt;123&lt;/sup&gt;I]R91150 single-photon emission CT in 10 abstinent recent MDMA users, five former MDMA users, and 10 healthy control subjects. Furthermore, to examine whether changes in brain 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt; receptor densities are associated with alterations in blood vessel volumes, we calculated relative cerebral blood volume maps from dynamic MR imaging sets in five MDMA users and six healthy control subjects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/i&gt; An analysis of variance revealed that mean cortical [&lt;sup&gt;123&lt;/sup&gt;I]R91150 binding ratios were significantly lower in recent MDMA users than in former MDMA users and control subjects. This finding suggests down-regulation of 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; receptors caused by MDMA-induced 5-HT release. Furthermore, in MDMA users, low cortical 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; receptor densities were significantly associated with low cerebral blood vessel volumes (implicating vasoconstriction) and high cortical 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; receptor densities with high cerebral blood vessel volumes (implicating vasodilatation) in specific brain regions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;CONCLUSION:&lt;/i&gt; These findings suggest a relationship between the serotonergic system and an altered regulation of 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; receptors in human MDMA users. MDMA users may therefore be at risk for cerebrovascular accidents resulting from alterations in the 5-HT neurotransmission system.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="MDMA (“Ecstasy”) and Its Association with Cerebrovascular Accidents: Preliminary Findings" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Abuse of the popular recreational drug “Ecstasy” (MDMA) has been linked to the occurrence of cerebrovascular accidents. It is known that MDMA alters brain serotonin (5-HT) concentrations and that brain postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors play a role in the regulation of brain microvasculature. Therefore, we used brain imaging to find out whether MDMA use predisposes one to cerebrovascular accidents by altering brain 5-HT neurotransmission.

METHODS: The effects of MDMA use on brain cortical 5-HT2A receptor densities were studied using [123I]R91150 single-photon emission CT in 10 abstinent recent MDMA users, five former MDMA users, and 10 healthy control subjects. Furthermore, to examine whether changes in brain 5-HT2A receptor densities are associated with alterations in blood vessel volumes, we calculated relative cerebral blood volume maps from dynamic MR imaging sets in five MDMA users and six healthy control subjects.

RESULTS: An analysis of variance revealed that mean cortical [123I]R91150 binding ratios were significantly lower in recent MDMA users than in former MDMA users and control subjects. This finding suggests down-regulation of 5-HT2 receptors caused by MDMA-induced 5-HT release. Furthermore, in MDMA users, low cortical 5-HT2 receptor densities were significantly associated with low cerebral blood vessel volumes (implicating vasoconstriction) and high cortical 5-HT2 receptor densities with high cerebral blood vessel volumes (implicating vasodilatation) in specific brain regions.

CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a relationship between the serotonergic system and an altered regulation of 5-HT2 receptors in human MDMA users. MDMA users may therefore be at risk for cerebrovascular accidents resulting from alterations in the 5-HT neurotransmission system." />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="MDMA (“Ecstasy”) and Its Association with Cerebrovascular Accidents: Preliminary Findings" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/21/6/1001" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Abuse of the popular recreational drug “Ecstasy” (MDMA) has been linked to the occurrence of cerebrovascular accidents. It is known that MDMA alters brain serotonin (5-HT) concentrations and that brain postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors play a role in the regulation of brain microvasculature. Therefore, we used brain imaging to find out whether MDMA use predisposes one to cerebrovascular accidents by altering brain 5-HT neurotransmission.

METHODS: The effects of MDMA use on brain cortical 5-HT2A receptor densities were studied using [123I]R91150 single-photon emission CT in 10 abstinent recent MDMA users, five former MDMA users, and 10 healthy control subjects. Furthermore, to examine whether changes in brain 5-HT2A receptor densities are associated with alterations in blood vessel volumes, we calculated relative cerebral blood volume maps from dynamic MR imaging sets in five MDMA users and six healthy control subjects.

RESULTS: An analysis of variance revealed that mean cortical [123I]R91150 binding ratios were significantly lower in recent MDMA users than in former MDMA users and control subjects. This finding suggests down-regulation of 5-HT2 receptors caused by MDMA-induced 5-HT release. Furthermore, in MDMA users, low cortical 5-HT2 receptor densities were significantly associated with low cerebral blood vessel volumes (implicating vasoconstriction) and high cortical 5-HT2 receptor densities with high cerebral blood vessel volumes (implicating vasodilatation) in specific brain regions.

CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a relationship between the serotonergic system and an altered regulation of 5-HT2 receptors in human MDMA users. MDMA users may therefore be at risk for cerebrovascular accidents resulting from alterations in the 5-HT neurotransmission system." />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">MDMA (“Ecstasy”) and Its Association with Cerebrovascular Accidents: Preliminary Findings</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Liesbeth Reneman</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Jan B. A. Habraken</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Charles B. L. Majoie</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">Jan Booij</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Gerard J. den Heeten</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">June 2000,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">21 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(6) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1001-1007; </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-11628--61910324591" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Liesbeth Reneman </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Liesbeth%2BReneman%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Reneman%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ALiesbeth%2BReneman%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Jan B. A. Habraken </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Jan%2BB.%2BA.%2BHabraken%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Habraken%20JB&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AJan%2BB.%2BA.%2BHabraken%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Charles B. L. Majoie </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Charles%2BB.%2BL.%2BMajoie%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Majoie%20CB&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ACharles%2BB.%2BL.%2BMajoie%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Jan Booij </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Jan%2BBooij%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Booij%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AJan%2BBooij%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Gerard J. den Heeten </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Gerard%2BJ.%2Bden%2BHeeten%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=den%20Heeten%20GJ&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AGerard%2BJ.%2Bden%2BHeeten%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2>References</h2><ol class="cit-list"><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1 in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-21.6.1001.1"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Hanyu S,  Ikeguchi K,  Imai H,  Imai N,  Yoshida M.   <strong>Cerebral infarction is associated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“Ecstasy”) abuse.</strong> <span class="cit-source">Eur Neurol</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">1995</span>;<span class="cit-vol">35</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">173</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=7628499&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F21%2F6%2F1001.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1995QY52300010&amp;link_type=ISI" 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 21</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 6 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Jun 2000 </div></div>
      
      
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