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<meta name="DC.Title" content="The Craniocervical Venous System in Relation to Cerebral Venous Drainage" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2002-10-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Passing from the supine to the upright position favors cerebral venous outflow into vertebral venous systems rather than into the internal jugular veins. We sought to determine venous connections between dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa and craniocervical vertebral venous systems.

METHODS: Corrosion casts of the cranial and cervical venous system were obtained from 12 fresh human cadavers, and anatomic confirmation was made by dissection of three previously injected fresh human specimens. MR venography was performed to provide radiologic correlation.

RESULTS: The lateral, posterior, and anterior condylar veins and the mastoid and occipital emissary veins were found to represent the venous connections between the dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa and the vertebral venous systems. This study revealed the nearly constant presence of the anterior condylar confluent (ACC) located on the external orifice of the canal of the hypoglossal nerve. The ACC offered multiple connections with the dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa, the internal jugular vein, and the vertebral venous system. All these structures were shown by MR venography.

CONCLUSION: The lateral, posterior, and anterior condylar veins and the mastoid and occipital emissary veins connect the dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa with the vertebral venous systems. These connections are clinically relevant, because encephalic drainage occurs preferentially through the vertebral venous system in the upright position. The ACC is a constant anatomic structure that may play an important role in the redirection of cerebral blood in the craniocervical region." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Diego San Millán Ruíz" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Philippe Gailloud" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Daniel A. Rüfenacht" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Jacqueline Delavelle" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Frank Henry" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Jean H.D. Fasel" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2002-10-01" />
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<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/i&gt; Passing from the supine to the upright position favors cerebral venous outflow into vertebral venous systems rather than into the internal jugular veins. We sought to determine venous connections between dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa and craniocervical vertebral venous systems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;METHODS:&lt;/i&gt; Corrosion casts of the cranial and cervical venous system were obtained from 12 fresh human cadavers, and anatomic confirmation was made by dissection of three previously injected fresh human specimens. MR venography was performed to provide radiologic correlation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/i&gt; The lateral, posterior, and anterior condylar veins and the mastoid and occipital emissary veins were found to represent the venous connections between the dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa and the vertebral venous systems. This study revealed the nearly constant presence of the anterior condylar confluent (ACC) located on the external orifice of the canal of the hypoglossal nerve. The ACC offered multiple connections with the dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa, the internal jugular vein, and the vertebral venous system. All these structures were shown by MR venography.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;CONCLUSION:&lt;/i&gt; The lateral, posterior, and anterior condylar veins and the mastoid and occipital emissary veins connect the dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa with the vertebral venous systems. These connections are clinically relevant, because encephalic drainage occurs preferentially through the vertebral venous system in the upright position. The ACC is a constant anatomic structure that may play an important role in the redirection of cerebral blood in the craniocervical region.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Diego San Millán Ruíz" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Philippe Gailloud" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="The Craniocervical Venous System in Relation to Cerebral Venous Drainage" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Passing from the supine to the upright position favors cerebral venous outflow into vertebral venous systems rather than into the internal jugular veins. We sought to determine venous connections between dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa and craniocervical vertebral venous systems.

METHODS: Corrosion casts of the cranial and cervical venous system were obtained from 12 fresh human cadavers, and anatomic confirmation was made by dissection of three previously injected fresh human specimens. MR venography was performed to provide radiologic correlation.

RESULTS: The lateral, posterior, and anterior condylar veins and the mastoid and occipital emissary veins were found to represent the venous connections between the dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa and the vertebral venous systems. This study revealed the nearly constant presence of the anterior condylar confluent (ACC) located on the external orifice of the canal of the hypoglossal nerve. The ACC offered multiple connections with the dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa, the internal jugular vein, and the vertebral venous system. All these structures were shown by MR venography.

CONCLUSION: The lateral, posterior, and anterior condylar veins and the mastoid and occipital emissary veins connect the dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa with the vertebral venous systems. These connections are clinically relevant, because encephalic drainage occurs preferentially through the vertebral venous system in the upright position. The ACC is a constant anatomic structure that may play an important role in the redirection of cerebral blood in the craniocervical region." />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Passing from the supine to the upright position favors cerebral venous outflow into vertebral venous systems rather than into the internal jugular veins. We sought to determine venous connections between dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa and craniocervical vertebral venous systems.

METHODS: Corrosion casts of the cranial and cervical venous system were obtained from 12 fresh human cadavers, and anatomic confirmation was made by dissection of three previously injected fresh human specimens. MR venography was performed to provide radiologic correlation.

RESULTS: The lateral, posterior, and anterior condylar veins and the mastoid and occipital emissary veins were found to represent the venous connections between the dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa and the vertebral venous systems. This study revealed the nearly constant presence of the anterior condylar confluent (ACC) located on the external orifice of the canal of the hypoglossal nerve. The ACC offered multiple connections with the dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa, the internal jugular vein, and the vertebral venous system. All these structures were shown by MR venography.

CONCLUSION: The lateral, posterior, and anterior condylar veins and the mastoid and occipital emissary veins connect the dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa with the vertebral venous systems. These connections are clinically relevant, because encephalic drainage occurs preferentially through the vertebral venous system in the upright position. The ACC is a constant anatomic structure that may play an important role in the redirection of cerebral blood in the craniocervical region." />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">The Craniocervical Venous System in Relation to Cerebral Venous Drainage</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Diego San Millán Ruíz</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Philippe Gailloud</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Daniel A. Rüfenacht</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">Jacqueline Delavelle</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Frank Henry</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Jean H.D. Fasel</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">October 2002,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">23 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1500-1508; </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-10266--62100223877" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Diego San Millán Ruíz </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Diego%2BSan%2BMill%C3%A1n%2BRu%C3%ADz%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=San%20Mill%C3%A1n%20Ru%C3%ADz%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ADiego%2BSan%2BMill%25C3%25A1n%2BRu%25C3%25ADz%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Philippe Gailloud </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Philippe%2BGailloud%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gailloud%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3APhilippe%2BGailloud%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Daniel A. Rüfenacht </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Daniel%2BA.%2BR%C3%BCfenacht%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=R%C3%BCfenacht%20DA&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ADaniel%2BA.%2BR%25C3%25BCfenacht%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Jacqueline Delavelle </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Jacqueline%2BDelavelle%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Delavelle%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AJacqueline%2BDelavelle%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Frank Henry </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Frank%2BHenry%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Henry%20F&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AFrank%2BHenry%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Jean H.D. 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2>References</h2><ol class="cit-list"><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1 in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-23.9.1500.1"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Hacker H. <strong>Superficial supratentorial veins and dural sinuses.</strong> In: Potts DG, Newton TH, eds. <span class="cit-source">Radiology of the Skull and Brain.</span> vol 2, book 3. 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Beitrag zur Histologie des Plexus venosi vertebrales interni. <span class="cit-source">Zeitschrift für mikr.-anat Forshung</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">1961</span>;<span class="cit-vol">67</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">183</span>–189</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other no-rev-xref" id="cit-23.9.1500.4"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Batson O. <strong>The vertebral vein system.</strong> <span class="cit-source">AJR Am J Roentgenol</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">1957</span>;<span class="cit-vol">78</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">195</span>–212</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-5-1" title="View reference 5 in text" id="ref-5">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-23.9.1500.5" data-doi="10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199710)249:2&lt;285::AID-AR16&gt;3.0.CO;2-K"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Groen RJ, Groenewegen HJ, van Alphen HA, Hoogland PV. <strong>Morphology of the human internal vertebral venous plexus: a cadaver study after intravenous Araldite CY 221 injection.</strong> <span class="cit-source">Anat Rec</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">1997</span>;<span class="cit-vol">249</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">285</span>–294</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199710)249:2&lt;285::AID-AR16&gt;3.0.CO;2-K&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=9335475&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F23%2F9%2F1500.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-6-1" title="View reference 6 in text" id="ref-6">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-23.9.1500.6"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Valdueza JM, von Munster T, Hoffman O, et al. <strong>Postural dependency of the cerebral venous outflow.</strong> <span class="cit-source">Lancet</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">2000</span>;<span class="cit-vol">355</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">200</span>–201</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10675122&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F23%2F9%2F1500.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000084879700016&amp;link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-7-1" title="View reference 7 in text" id="ref-7">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-23.9.1500.7"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Théron J, Moret J. <span class="cit-source">Spinal Phlebography: Lumbar and Cervical Techniques.</span> 1st ed. 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 23</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 9 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Oct 2002 </div></div>
      
      
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