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<meta name="DC.Title" content="How Depth of Anesthesia Influences the Blood Oxygenation Level–Dependent Signal from the Visual Cortex of Children" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2006-04-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : Functional MR imaging (fMRI) is playing an important role in investigations of cortical development and maturation. Functional MR imaging in young children or infants frequently involves measuring a clinical population under sedation or anesthesia. We examined the effect of depth of anesthesia on the extent and amplitude of the blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) response.

METHOD: We performed BOLD-based fMRI on a visual stimulus flickering at 8 Hz at sevoflurane concentrations of 0.5 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), 0.75 MAC, and 1.0 MAC, on 16 children at least 5 years of age. We determined the extent of activation by counting the number of activated voxels and assessed the change in the local deoxyhemoglobin concentration by comparing ΔR2*.

RESULTS: The number of activated voxels of the positive BOLD response was higher at 0.75 MAC than at 0.5 MAC or 1.0 MAC. The magnitude of their mean ΔR2* steadily declined as the level of sevoflurane was increased from 0.5 MAC to 1.0 MAC. The extent of activation of the negative BOLD response declined progressively from 0.5 MAC to 1.0 MAC. The magnitude of their mean amplitude of the ΔR2* did not change with sevoflurane concentrations. The change in the extent of activation and the magnitude of ΔR2* when the concentration of sevoflurane increased from 0.5 MAC to 0.75 MAC was due to its vasodilative property. The change in the extent of activation and the amplitude of ΔR2* following the increase in the concentration of sevoflurane from 0.75 MAC and 1.0 MAC was due to its anesthetic property. This was the case for both the positive and negative BOLD response.

CONCLUSIONS: Careful adjustment of anesthetic depth can be used advantageously when performing BOLD-based fMRI measurements in children." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="V.L. Marcar" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="U. Schwarz" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Martin" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="T. Loenneker" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2006-04-01" />
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<meta name="citation_title" content="How Depth of Anesthesia Influences the Blood Oxygenation Level–Dependent Signal from the Visual Cortex of Children" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE&lt;/b&gt;: Functional MR imaging (fMRI) is playing an important role in investigations of cortical development and maturation. Functional MR imaging in young children or infants frequently involves measuring a clinical population under sedation or anesthesia. We examined the effect of depth of anesthesia on the extent and amplitude of the blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) response.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;METHOD:&lt;/b&gt; We performed BOLD-based fMRI on a visual stimulus flickering at 8 Hz at sevoflurane concentrations of 0.5 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), 0.75 MAC, and 1.0 MAC, on 16 children at least 5 years of age. We determined the extent of activation by counting the number of activated voxels and assessed the change in the local deoxyhemoglobin concentration by comparing ΔR2*.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/b&gt; The number of activated voxels of the positive BOLD response was higher at 0.75 MAC than at 0.5 MAC or 1.0 MAC. The magnitude of their mean ΔR2* steadily declined as the level of sevoflurane was increased from 0.5 MAC to 1.0 MAC. The extent of activation of the negative BOLD response declined progressively from 0.5 MAC to 1.0 MAC. The magnitude of their mean amplitude of the ΔR2* did not change with sevoflurane concentrations. The change in the extent of activation and the magnitude of ΔR2* when the concentration of sevoflurane increased from 0.5 MAC to 0.75 MAC was due to its vasodilative property. The change in the extent of activation and the amplitude of ΔR2* following the increase in the concentration of sevoflurane from 0.75 MAC and 1.0 MAC was due to its anesthetic property. This was the case for both the positive and negative BOLD response.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/b&gt; Careful adjustment of anesthetic depth can be used advantageously when performing BOLD-based fMRI measurements in children.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="How Depth of Anesthesia Influences the Blood Oxygenation Level–Dependent Signal from the Visual Cortex of Children" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : Functional MR imaging (fMRI) is playing an important role in investigations of cortical development and maturation. Functional MR imaging in young children or infants frequently involves measuring a clinical population under sedation or anesthesia. We examined the effect of depth of anesthesia on the extent and amplitude of the blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) response.

METHOD: We performed BOLD-based fMRI on a visual stimulus flickering at 8 Hz at sevoflurane concentrations of 0.5 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), 0.75 MAC, and 1.0 MAC, on 16 children at least 5 years of age. We determined the extent of activation by counting the number of activated voxels and assessed the change in the local deoxyhemoglobin concentration by comparing ΔR2*.

RESULTS: The number of activated voxels of the positive BOLD response was higher at 0.75 MAC than at 0.5 MAC or 1.0 MAC. The magnitude of their mean ΔR2* steadily declined as the level of sevoflurane was increased from 0.5 MAC to 1.0 MAC. The extent of activation of the negative BOLD response declined progressively from 0.5 MAC to 1.0 MAC. The magnitude of their mean amplitude of the ΔR2* did not change with sevoflurane concentrations. The change in the extent of activation and the magnitude of ΔR2* when the concentration of sevoflurane increased from 0.5 MAC to 0.75 MAC was due to its vasodilative property. The change in the extent of activation and the amplitude of ΔR2* following the increase in the concentration of sevoflurane from 0.75 MAC and 1.0 MAC was due to its anesthetic property. This was the case for both the positive and negative BOLD response.

CONCLUSIONS: Careful adjustment of anesthetic depth can be used advantageously when performing BOLD-based fMRI measurements in children." />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="How Depth of Anesthesia Influences the Blood Oxygenation Level–Dependent Signal from the Visual Cortex of Children" />
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<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : Functional MR imaging (fMRI) is playing an important role in investigations of cortical development and maturation. Functional MR imaging in young children or infants frequently involves measuring a clinical population under sedation or anesthesia. We examined the effect of depth of anesthesia on the extent and amplitude of the blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) response.

METHOD: We performed BOLD-based fMRI on a visual stimulus flickering at 8 Hz at sevoflurane concentrations of 0.5 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), 0.75 MAC, and 1.0 MAC, on 16 children at least 5 years of age. We determined the extent of activation by counting the number of activated voxels and assessed the change in the local deoxyhemoglobin concentration by comparing ΔR2*.

RESULTS: The number of activated voxels of the positive BOLD response was higher at 0.75 MAC than at 0.5 MAC or 1.0 MAC. The magnitude of their mean ΔR2* steadily declined as the level of sevoflurane was increased from 0.5 MAC to 1.0 MAC. The extent of activation of the negative BOLD response declined progressively from 0.5 MAC to 1.0 MAC. The magnitude of their mean amplitude of the ΔR2* did not change with sevoflurane concentrations. The change in the extent of activation and the magnitude of ΔR2* when the concentration of sevoflurane increased from 0.5 MAC to 0.75 MAC was due to its vasodilative property. The change in the extent of activation and the amplitude of ΔR2* following the increase in the concentration of sevoflurane from 0.75 MAC and 1.0 MAC was due to its anesthetic property. This was the case for both the positive and negative BOLD response.

CONCLUSIONS: Careful adjustment of anesthetic depth can be used advantageously when performing BOLD-based fMRI measurements in children." />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">How Depth of Anesthesia Influences the Blood Oxygenation Level–Dependent Signal from the Visual Cortex of Children</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">V.L. Marcar</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">U. Schwarz</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">E. Martin</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">T. Loenneker</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">April 2006,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">27 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(4) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">799-805; </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-7006--61780595667" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">V.L. Marcar </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=V.L.%2BMarcar%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Marcar%20V&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AV.L.%2BMarcar%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">U. Schwarz </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=U.%2BSchwarz%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Schwarz%20U&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AU.%2BSchwarz%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Martin </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BMartin%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Martin%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BMartin%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">T. Loenneker </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=T.%2BLoenneker%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Loenneker%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AT.%2BLoenneker%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2>References</h2><ol class="cit-list"><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1 in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-27.4.799.1" data-doi="10.1016/S0006-3495(93)81441-3"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Ogawa S, Menon RS, Tank DW, et al. <strong>Functional brain mapping by blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast magnetic resonance imaging. 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 27</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 4 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">April 2006 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">How Depth of Anesthesia Influences the Blood Oxygenation Level–Dependent Signal from the Visual Cortex of Children</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">V.L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Marcar</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">U.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Schwarz</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Martin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">T.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Loenneker</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Apr 2006, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">27 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(4) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">799-805; </span></div>
  
  
  
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