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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Type of Gradient Recalled-Echo Sequence Results in Size and Number Change of Cerebral Microbleeds</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">S. Tatsumi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">T. Ayaki</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">M. Shinohara</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">T. Yamamoto</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">April 2008,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">29 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(4) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">e13; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0908 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-8194--6751808705" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Tatsumi </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BTatsumi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Tatsumi%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BTatsumi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">T. Ayaki </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=T.%2BAyaki%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ayaki%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AT.%2BAyaki%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Shinohara </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BShinohara%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Shinohara%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BShinohara%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">T. Yamamoto </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=T.%2BYamamoto%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Yamamoto%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AT.%2BYamamoto%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance="highwire_reflinks_tooltip" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div class="article fulltext-view"><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-start"></span><p id="p-1">Microbleeds (MBs) are thought to be clusters of hemosiderin-containing macrophages and are more commonly observed in hypertensive microangiopathy (lacunar infarct or intracerebral hemorrhage), cerebral amyloid angiopathy, or cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) but not exclusively in them.<sup><a id="xref-ref-1-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-1">1</a></sup> Although they are usually defined as the focal signal intensity loss of less than 5 or 10 mm, the conditions of gradient recalled-echo (GRE) varied among numerous previous studies about MBs (ie, TEs, were from 15 ms to 50 ms).<sup><a id="xref-ref-2-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-2">2</a>,<a id="xref-ref-3-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-3">3</a></sup> We found that MBs are influenced in size and number by lengthening TE of GRE, as seen in the following case.</p><p id="p-2">The GRE (TR, 700 ms; TE, 17 ms; flip angle, 20°) of an elderly hypertensive woman with right thalamic hemorrhage and multiple lacunar infarcts showed numerous MBs in the basal ganglia, thalami, pons, cerebellum, and cerebral white matter (<a id="xref-fig-1-1" class="xref-fig" href="#F1">Fig 1</a>). The sizes and numbers of these MBs increased as the TE was lengthened (<a id="xref-fig-1-2" class="xref-fig" href="#F1">Fig 1</a>). The numbers of MBs in this figure were 12 (TE, 10 ms), 14 (TE, 17 ms), and 20 (TE, 23 ms). The average diameter of MBs, which was 2.6 mm with a TE of 10 ms, became 3.8 (TE, 17 ms) and 4.5 mm (TE, 23 ms).</p><p id="p-3">In general, the T2*-based signal intensity loss increases mainly by lengthening TE and decreasing the flip angle.<sup><a id="xref-ref-4-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-4">4</a></sup> To the best of our knowledge, no one has reported how the appearance of MBs changes with these parameters. As we have shown, MBs changed considerably in size and number as TE was prolonged. Therefore, the MR imaging parameter must be taken into account, especially when discussing the number or size of MBs.<sup><a id="xref-ref-2-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-2">2</a>,<a id="xref-ref-3-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-3">3</a></sup> GRE with longer TE raises sensitivity of MBs, but the pathophysiological significance is to be clarified in the future.</p><p id="p-4">
      
    </p><div id="F1" class="fig pos-float odd"><div class="highwire-figure"><div class="fig-inline-img-wrapper"><div class="fig-inline-img"><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/ajnr/29/4/e13/F1.large.jpg?width=800&amp;height=600&amp;carousel=1" title="The size and number of microbleeds increased by lengthening TE on GRE. Scale bar, 10 mm." class="highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load" rel="gallery-fragment-images-792959731" data-figure-caption="&lt;div class=&quot;highwire-markup&quot;&gt;The size and number of microbleeds increased by lengthening TE on GRE. Scale bar, 10 mm.&lt;/div&gt;" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="hw-responsive-img"><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload" alt="  Fig 1. " src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/ajnr/29/4/e13/F1.medium.gif" width="440" height="169"/><noscript><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image" alt="  Fig 1. " src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/ajnr/29/4/e13/F1.medium.gif" width="440" height="169"/></noscript></span></a></div></div><ul class="highwire-figure-links inline"><li class="download-fig first"><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/ajnr/29/4/e13/F1.large.jpg?download=true" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download" title="Download    Fig 1.   " data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download figure</a></li><li class="new-tab"><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/ajnr/29/4/e13/F1.large.jpg" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Open in new tab</a></li><li class="download-ppt last"><a href="/highwire/powerpoint/25209" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download powerpoint</a></li></ul></div><div class="fig-caption" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><span class="fig-label">
          <strong>Fig 1.</strong>
        </span> <p id="p-5" class="first-child">The size and number of microbleeds increased by lengthening TE on GRE. Scale bar, 10 mm.</p><div class="sb-div caption-clear"></div></div></div><div class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2>References</h2><ol class="cit-list"><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1 in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-29.4.e13.1" data-doi="10.1212/01.wnl.0000194266.55694.1e"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Koennecke HC. <strong>Cerebral microbleeds on MR imaging: Prevalence, associations, and potential clinical implications.</strong> <span class="cit-source">Neurology</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">2006</span>;<span class="cit-vol">66</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">165</span>–71</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6OToibmV1cm9sb2d5IjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjg6IjY2LzIvMTY1IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MTk6Ii9ham5yLzI5LzQvZTEzLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-2-1" title="View reference 2 in text" id="ref-2">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-29.4.e13.2"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Fazekas F, Kleinert R, Roob G, et al. <strong>Histopathologic analysis of foci of signal intensity loss on gradient-echo T2*-weighted images in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: evidence of microangiopathy-related microbleeds.</strong> <span class="cit-source">AJNR Am J Neuroradiol</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">1999</span>;<span class="cit-vol">20</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">637</span>–42</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoiYWpuciI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo4OiIyMC80LzYzNyI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjE5OiIvYWpuci8yOS80L2UxMy5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-3-1" title="View reference 3 in text" id="ref-3">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-29.4.e13.3" data-doi="10.1161/01.STR.0000126807.69758.0e"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Greenberg SM, Eng JA, Ning MM, et al. <strong>Hemorrhage burden predicts recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage after lobar hemorrhage.</strong> <span class="cit-source">Stroke</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">2004</span>;<span class="cit-vol">35</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1415</span>–20</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6OToic3Ryb2tlYWhhIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjk6IjM1LzYvMTQxNSI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjE5OiIvYWpuci8yOS80L2UxMy5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-4-1" title="View reference 4 in text" id="ref-4">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-29.4.e13.4"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Mulkern RV. <strong>Fast imaging principles</strong>. In: Atlas SW, ed. <span class="cit-source">MR Imaging of the Brain and Spine</span>, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins;<span class="cit-pub-date">2002</span> :<span class="cit-fpage">176</span>–78</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li></ol></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology</li></ul><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 29</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 4 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">April 2008 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Type of Gradient Recalled-Echo Sequence Results in Size and Number Change of Cerebral Microbleeds</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Tatsumi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">T.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ayaki</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Shinohara</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">T.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Yamamoto</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Apr 2008, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">29 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(4) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">e13; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A0908 </span></div>
  
  
  
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