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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Wall Shear Stress in Intracranial Self-Expanding Stents Studied Using Ultra-High-Resolution 3D Reconstructions" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A1396" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2009-03-01" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Imaging of intracranial stents is constrained by resolution limits of current clinical imaging techniques providing insufficient visualization of deployment details and impeding its use for computational hemodynamic (CHD) simulations. The purpose of our study was to evaluate whether ultra-high-resolution MicroCT scans can illuminate detailed aspects of realistic in vitro stent deployment and serve as a reliable basis for CHD simulations of blood flow through self-expanding intracranial stents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Neuroform Treo (NF) stent and an Enterprise (ENT) stent were deployed in identical straight polytetrafluoroethylene tubes filled with contrast agent. MicroCT scans were obtained at a spatial resolution of 14 μm and used for ultra-high-resolution 3D reconstructions. CHD simulations were performed, with particular emphasis on local flow behavior near the wall and struts. Flow differences between the geometrically different stents were studied.

RESULTS: MicroCT data revealed strut prolapse near the markers for the closed-cell design (ENT) stent and at some of the unconnected vertices of the open-cell design (NF) stent, which also showed some misalignments. CHD simulations showed that reverse wall shear stress occurred near some of the strut vertices and markers for the NF but only near the markers for the ENT.

CONCLUSIONS: This work demonstrates the feasibility of ultra-high-resolution MicroCT imaging in elucidating important details of intracranial stent deployment as a basis for accurate CHD simulations and in enabling a structural and hemodynamic study of realistically deployed stents with different geometry and design." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G. Benndorf" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Ionescu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M.V. y Alvarado" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Hipp" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Metcalfe" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2009-03-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="INTERVENTIONAL" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Wall Shear Stress in Intracranial Self-Expanding Stents Studied Using Ultra-High-Resolution 3D Reconstructions" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/b&gt; Imaging of intracranial stents is constrained by resolution limits of current clinical imaging techniques providing insufficient visualization of deployment details and impeding its use for computational hemodynamic (CHD) simulations. The purpose of our study was to evaluate whether ultra-high-resolution MicroCT scans can illuminate detailed aspects of realistic in vitro stent deployment and serve as a reliable basis for CHD simulations of blood flow through self-expanding intracranial stents.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/b&gt; A Neuroform Treo (NF) stent and an Enterprise (ENT) stent were deployed in identical straight polytetrafluoroethylene tubes filled with contrast agent. MicroCT scans were obtained at a spatial resolution of 14 μm and used for ultra-high-resolution 3D reconstructions. CHD simulations were performed, with particular emphasis on local flow behavior near the wall and struts. Flow differences between the geometrically different stents were studied.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/b&gt; MicroCT data revealed strut prolapse near the markers for the closed-cell design (ENT) stent and at some of the unconnected vertices of the open-cell design (NF) stent, which also showed some misalignments. CHD simulations showed that reverse wall shear stress occurred near some of the strut vertices and markers for the NF but only near the markers for the ENT.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/b&gt; This work demonstrates the feasibility of ultra-high-resolution MicroCT imaging in elucidating important details of intracranial stent deployment as a basis for accurate CHD simulations and in enabling a structural and hemodynamic study of realistically deployed stents with different geometry and design.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="G. Benndorf" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="M. Ionescu" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="M.V. y Alvarado" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="J. Hipp" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="R. Metcalfe" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Wall Shear Stress in Intracranial Self-Expanding Stents Studied Using Ultra-High-Resolution 3D Reconstructions" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Imaging of intracranial stents is constrained by resolution limits of current clinical imaging techniques providing insufficient visualization of deployment details and impeding its use for computational hemodynamic (CHD) simulations. The purpose of our study was to evaluate whether ultra-high-resolution MicroCT scans can illuminate detailed aspects of realistic in vitro stent deployment and serve as a reliable basis for CHD simulations of blood flow through self-expanding intracranial stents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Neuroform Treo (NF) stent and an Enterprise (ENT) stent were deployed in identical straight polytetrafluoroethylene tubes filled with contrast agent. MicroCT scans were obtained at a spatial resolution of 14 μm and used for ultra-high-resolution 3D reconstructions. CHD simulations were performed, with particular emphasis on local flow behavior near the wall and struts. Flow differences between the geometrically different stents were studied.

RESULTS: MicroCT data revealed strut prolapse near the markers for the closed-cell design (ENT) stent and at some of the unconnected vertices of the open-cell design (NF) stent, which also showed some misalignments. CHD simulations showed that reverse wall shear stress occurred near some of the strut vertices and markers for the NF but only near the markers for the ENT.

CONCLUSIONS: This work demonstrates the feasibility of ultra-high-resolution MicroCT imaging in elucidating important details of intracranial stent deployment as a basis for accurate CHD simulations and in enabling a structural and hemodynamic study of realistically deployed stents with different geometry and design." />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Imaging of intracranial stents is constrained by resolution limits of current clinical imaging techniques providing insufficient visualization of deployment details and impeding its use for computational hemodynamic (CHD) simulations. The purpose of our study was to evaluate whether ultra-high-resolution MicroCT scans can illuminate detailed aspects of realistic in vitro stent deployment and serve as a reliable basis for CHD simulations of blood flow through self-expanding intracranial stents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Neuroform Treo (NF) stent and an Enterprise (ENT) stent were deployed in identical straight polytetrafluoroethylene tubes filled with contrast agent. MicroCT scans were obtained at a spatial resolution of 14 μm and used for ultra-high-resolution 3D reconstructions. CHD simulations were performed, with particular emphasis on local flow behavior near the wall and struts. Flow differences between the geometrically different stents were studied.

RESULTS: MicroCT data revealed strut prolapse near the markers for the closed-cell design (ENT) stent and at some of the unconnected vertices of the open-cell design (NF) stent, which also showed some misalignments. CHD simulations showed that reverse wall shear stress occurred near some of the strut vertices and markers for the NF but only near the markers for the ENT.

CONCLUSIONS: This work demonstrates the feasibility of ultra-high-resolution MicroCT imaging in elucidating important details of intracranial stent deployment as a basis for accurate CHD simulations and in enabling a structural and hemodynamic study of realistically deployed stents with different geometry and design." />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node7824--5" data-node-nid="7824" id="top-node-7824--6822697687" data-pisa="ajnr;30/3/479" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A1396" data-apath="/ajnr/30/3/479.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">INTERVENTIONAL</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Wall Shear Stress in Intracranial Self-Expanding Stents Studied Using Ultra-High-Resolution 3D Reconstructions</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">G. Benndorf</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">M. Ionescu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">M.V. y Alvarado</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">J. Hipp</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">R. Metcalfe</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">March 2009,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">30 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">479-486; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1396 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-7824--6822697687" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">G. Benndorf </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=G.%2BBenndorf%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Benndorf%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AG.%2BBenndorf%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Ionescu </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BIonescu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ionescu%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BIonescu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M.V. y Alvarado </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.V.%2By%2BAlvarado%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=y%20Alvarado%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.V.%2By%2BAlvarado%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Hipp </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BHipp%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hipp%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BHipp%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R. Metcalfe </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.%2BMetcalfe%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Metcalfe%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.%2BMetcalfe%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2>References</h2><ol class="cit-list"><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1 in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-30.3.479.1"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Doerfler A, Becker WP, Wanke I, et al. <strong>A novel flexible, retrievable endovascular stent system for small-vessel anatomy: preliminary in vivo data.</strong> <span class="cit-source">AJNR Am J Neuroradiol</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">2005</span>;<span class="cit-vol">26</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">862</span>–68</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoiYWpuciI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo4OiIyNi80Lzg2MiI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjE5OiIvYWpuci8zMC8zLzQ3OS5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other no-rev-xref" id="cit-30.3.479.2" data-doi="10.1227/01.NEU.0000159645.86823.AF"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Fiorella D, Albuquerque FC, Deshmukh VR, et al. <strong>Usefulness of the Neuroform stent for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms: results at initial (3–6-mo) follow-up.</strong> <span class="cit-source">Neurosurgery</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">2005</span>;<span class="cit-vol">56</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1191</span>–201, discussion 1201–02</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1227/01.NEU.0000159645.86823.AF&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=15918935&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F30%2F3%2F479.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000229690300006&amp;link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-3-1" title="View reference 3 in text" id="ref-3">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-30.3.479.3"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, et al. <strong>Initial clinical experience with a new self-expanding nitinol stent for the treatment of intracranial cerebral aneurysms: the Cordis Enterprise stent.</strong> <span class="cit-source">AJNR Am J Neuroradiol</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">2005</span>;<span class="cit-vol">26</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1751</span>–56</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoiYWpuciI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo5OiIyNi83LzE3NTEiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoxOToiL2FqbnIvMzAvMy80NzkuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-4-1" title="View reference 4 in text" id="ref-4">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-30.3.479.4" data-doi="10.1007/s00234-005-1351-2"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Henkes H, Miloslavski E, Lowens S, et al. <strong>Treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses with balloon dilatation and self-expanding stent deployment (WingSpan).</strong> <span class="cit-source">Neuroradiology</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">2005</span>;<span class="cit-vol">47</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">222</span>–28. Epub 2005 Mar 15</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1007/s00234-005-1351-2&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=15912418&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F30%2F3%2F479.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000229508400008&amp;link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-5-1" title="View reference 5 in text" id="ref-5">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-30.3.479.5" data-doi="10.3174/ajnr.A0869"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Turk AS, Levy EI, Albuquerque FC, et al. <strong>Influence of patient age and stenosis location on Wingspan in-stent restenosis.</strong> <span class="cit-source">AJNR Am J Neuroradiol</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">2008</span>;<span class="cit-vol">29</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">23</span>–27. 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45<sup>th</sup> Annual Meeting of the American Society of Neuroradiology, Chicago, Ill, 9–14 June, 2007</div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-7-1" title="View reference 7 in text" id="ref-7">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-30.3.479.7" data-doi="10.1227/01.NEU.0000219853.56553.71"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Fiorella D, Albuquerque FC, Woo H, et al. <strong>Neuroform in-stent stenosis: incidence, natural history, and treatment strategies.</strong> <span class="cit-source">Neurosurgery</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">2006</span>;<span class="cit-vol">59</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">34</span>–42</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1227/01.NEU.0000219853.56553.71&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=16823298&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F30%2F3%2F479.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000238885600009&amp;link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-8-1" title="View reference 8 in text" id="ref-8">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-30.3.479.8"><div class="cit-metadata unstructured">Lee D, Morsi H, Diaz O, et al. <strong>In-stent stenosis of neuroform: incidence and relationship with follow-up angiographic result of aneurysms coil embolization</strong>—Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Neuroradiology, Chicago, Ill, 9–14 June, 2007</div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-9-1" title="View reference 9 in text" id="ref-9">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-30.3.479.9" data-doi="10.1146/annurev.fluid.29.1.399"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Ku DN. <strong>Blood flow in arteries.</strong> <span class="cit-source">Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">1997</span>;<span class="cit-vol">29</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">399</span>–434</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1146/annurev.fluid.29.1.399&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-10-1" title="View reference 10 in text" id="ref-10">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-30.3.479.10" data-doi="10.1067/mhj.2001.119613"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Castagna MT, Mintz GS, Leiboff BO, et al. <strong>The contribution of “mechanical” problems to in-stent restenosis: an intravascular ultrasonographic analysis of 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implantation: analysis using 3D computational fluid dynamics models of stent foreshortening.</strong> <span class="cit-source">Biomed Eng Online</span> <span class="cit-pub-date">2005</span>;<span class="cit-vol">4</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">59</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1186/1475-925X-4-59&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=16250918&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F30%2F3%2F479.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-32-1" title="View reference 32 in text" id="ref-32">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-30.3.479.32" data-doi="10.1161/01.CIR.103.18.2289"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Heldman AW, Cheng L, Jenkins GM, et al. <strong>Paclitaxel stent coating inhibits neointimal 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 30</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 3 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">March 2009 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Wall Shear Stress in Intracranial Self-Expanding Stents Studied Using Ultra-High-Resolution 3D Reconstructions</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Benndorf</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ionescu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.V.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">y Alvarado</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hipp</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Metcalfe</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Mar 2009, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">30 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">479-486; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A1396 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Wall Shear Stress in Intracranial Self-Expanding Stents Studied Using Ultra-High-Resolution 3D Reconstructions</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Benndorf</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ionescu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.V.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">y Alvarado</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hipp</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Metcalfe</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Mar 2009, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">30 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">479-486; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A1396 </span></div>
  
  
  
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