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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Accuracy and Reproducibility of Phase-Contrast MR Imaging Measurements for CSF Flow" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A2039" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2010-08-01" />
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Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: PCMR, widely used for the evaluation of blood flow, has been adopted for the assessment of cerebrospinal fluid flow in a variety of disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of 2 fast PCMR techniques for measuring CSF flow.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Velocities were calculated from RPC and CPC images of fluid flowing in a tube at a constant velocity. Error and the COV were computed for average and peak velocities. Additionally, measurements of sinusoidally fluctuating flow and of CSF flow in 5 healthy volunteers were acquired with the RPC and CPC acquisitions.

RESULTS: For constant velocity experiments, error for the RPC and CPC acquisitions averaged +1.15% and +8.91% and COVs averaged 1.29% and 3.01%, respectively. For peak velocities of ≥12.6 cm/s, error with RPC or CPC ranged from −33.3% to −36.9% and COVs were 0%–4% for RPC and 1%–7% for CPC. For peak velocities of ≤6.4 cm/s, RPC and CPC overestimated velocity by &gt;250%. For fluctuating flow, both acquisitions showed similar flow patterns. In volunteer studies, peak systolic and diastolic velocities were not significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS: The RPC and CPC sequences measure velocities on the order of CSF flow with an average error of ≥9%. The 2 techniques significantly overestimate peak velocities &lt;6.4 cm/s, with maximum errors of 209% and 276% and maximum COVs of 100% and 73% for the RPC and CPC sequences, respectively. Measurements of CSF velocities in human volunteers and of sinusoidally fluctuating phantom velocities did not differ significantly between the 2 techniques.

COV
:   coefficient of variation
CPC
:   Cartesian-based phase contrast
PCMR
:   phase-contrast MR imaging
QA
:   quality assurance
RBW
:   receiver bandwidth
RPC
:   radially sampled phase contrast
SNR
:   signal intensity–to-noise ratio
VENC
:   velocity encoding
vps
:   views per segment" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.L. Wentland" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="O. Wieben" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="F.R. Korosec" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="V.M. Haughton" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2010-08-01" />
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Accuracy and Reproducibility of Phase-Contrast MR Imaging Measurements for CSF Flow" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;PCMR, widely used for the evaluation of blood flow, has been adopted for the assessment of cerebrospinal fluid flow in a variety of disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of 2 fast PCMR techniques for measuring CSF flow.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Velocities were calculated from RPC and CPC images of fluid flowing in a tube at a constant velocity. Error and the COV were computed for average and peak velocities. Additionally, measurements of sinusoidally fluctuating flow and of CSF flow in 5 healthy volunteers were acquired with the RPC and CPC acquisitions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For constant velocity experiments, error for the RPC and CPC acquisitions averaged +1.15% and +8.91% and COVs averaged 1.29% and 3.01%, respectively. For peak velocities of ≥12.6 cm/s, error with RPC or CPC ranged from −33.3% to −36.9% and COVs were 0%–4% for RPC and 1%–7% for CPC. For peak velocities of ≤6.4 cm/s, RPC and CPC overestimated velocity by &amp;gt;250%. For fluctuating flow, both acquisitions showed similar flow patterns. In volunteer studies, peak systolic and diastolic velocities were not significantly different.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The RPC and CPC sequences measure velocities on the order of CSF flow with an average error of ≥9%. The 2 techniques significantly overestimate peak velocities &amp;lt;6.4 cm/s, with maximum errors of 209% and 276% and maximum COVs of 100% and 73% for the RPC and CPC sequences, respectively. Measurements of CSF velocities in human volunteers and of sinusoidally fluctuating phantom velocities did not differ significantly between the 2 techniques.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Accuracy and Reproducibility of Phase-Contrast MR Imaging Measurements for CSF Flow" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: PCMR, widely used for the evaluation of blood flow, has been adopted for the assessment of cerebrospinal fluid flow in a variety of disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of 2 fast PCMR techniques for measuring CSF flow.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Velocities were calculated from RPC and CPC images of fluid flowing in a tube at a constant velocity. Error and the COV were computed for average and peak velocities. Additionally, measurements of sinusoidally fluctuating flow and of CSF flow in 5 healthy volunteers were acquired with the RPC and CPC acquisitions.

RESULTS: For constant velocity experiments, error for the RPC and CPC acquisitions averaged +1.15% and +8.91% and COVs averaged 1.29% and 3.01%, respectively. For peak velocities of ≥12.6 cm/s, error with RPC or CPC ranged from −33.3% to −36.9% and COVs were 0%–4% for RPC and 1%–7% for CPC. For peak velocities of ≤6.4 cm/s, RPC and CPC overestimated velocity by &gt;250%. For fluctuating flow, both acquisitions showed similar flow patterns. In volunteer studies, peak systolic and diastolic velocities were not significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS: The RPC and CPC sequences measure velocities on the order of CSF flow with an average error of ≥9%. The 2 techniques significantly overestimate peak velocities &lt;6.4 cm/s, with maximum errors of 209% and 276% and maximum COVs of 100% and 73% for the RPC and CPC sequences, respectively. Measurements of CSF velocities in human volunteers and of sinusoidally fluctuating phantom velocities did not differ significantly between the 2 techniques.

COV
:   coefficient of variation
CPC
:   Cartesian-based phase contrast
PCMR
:   phase-contrast MR imaging
QA
:   quality assurance
RBW
:   receiver bandwidth
RPC
:   radially sampled phase contrast
SNR
:   signal intensity–to-noise ratio
VENC
:   velocity encoding
vps
:   views per segment" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Accuracy and Reproducibility of Phase-Contrast MR Imaging Measurements for CSF Flow" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/31/7/1331" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: PCMR, widely used for the evaluation of blood flow, has been adopted for the assessment of cerebrospinal fluid flow in a variety of disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of 2 fast PCMR techniques for measuring CSF flow.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Velocities were calculated from RPC and CPC images of fluid flowing in a tube at a constant velocity. Error and the COV were computed for average and peak velocities. Additionally, measurements of sinusoidally fluctuating flow and of CSF flow in 5 healthy volunteers were acquired with the RPC and CPC acquisitions.

RESULTS: For constant velocity experiments, error for the RPC and CPC acquisitions averaged +1.15% and +8.91% and COVs averaged 1.29% and 3.01%, respectively. For peak velocities of ≥12.6 cm/s, error with RPC or CPC ranged from −33.3% to −36.9% and COVs were 0%–4% for RPC and 1%–7% for CPC. For peak velocities of ≤6.4 cm/s, RPC and CPC overestimated velocity by &gt;250%. For fluctuating flow, both acquisitions showed similar flow patterns. In volunteer studies, peak systolic and diastolic velocities were not significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS: The RPC and CPC sequences measure velocities on the order of CSF flow with an average error of ≥9%. The 2 techniques significantly overestimate peak velocities &lt;6.4 cm/s, with maximum errors of 209% and 276% and maximum COVs of 100% and 73% for the RPC and CPC sequences, respectively. Measurements of CSF velocities in human volunteers and of sinusoidally fluctuating phantom velocities did not differ significantly between the 2 techniques.

COV
:   coefficient of variation
CPC
:   Cartesian-based phase contrast
PCMR
:   phase-contrast MR imaging
QA
:   quality assurance
RBW
:   receiver bandwidth
RPC
:   radially sampled phase contrast
SNR
:   signal intensity–to-noise ratio
VENC
:   velocity encoding
vps
:   views per segment" />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Accuracy and Reproducibility of Phase-Contrast MR Imaging Measurements for CSF Flow</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">A.L. Wentland</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">O. Wieben</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">F.R. Korosec</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">V.M. Haughton</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">August 2010,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">31 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1331-1336; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2039 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-9754--6657151255" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.L. Wentland </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.L.%2BWentland%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wentland%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.L.%2BWentland%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">O. Wieben </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=O.%2BWieben%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wieben%20O&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AO.%2BWieben%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">F.R. Korosec </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=F.R.%2BKorosec%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Korosec%20F&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AF.R.%2BKorosec%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">V.M. Haughton </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=V.M.%2BHaughton%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Haughton%20V&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AV.M.%2BHaughton%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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<p id="p-2"><strong>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</strong> PCMR, widely used for the evaluation of blood flow, has been adopted for the assessment of cerebrospinal fluid flow in a variety of disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of 2 fast PCMR techniques for measuring CSF flow.</p>
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<p id="p-3"><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</strong> Velocities were calculated from RPC and CPC images of fluid flowing in a tube at a constant velocity. Error and the COV were computed for average and peak velocities. Additionally, measurements of sinusoidally fluctuating flow and of CSF flow in 5 healthy volunteers were acquired with the RPC and CPC acquisitions.</p>
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<p id="p-4"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> For constant velocity experiments, error for the RPC and CPC acquisitions averaged +1.15% and +8.91% and COVs averaged 1.29% and 3.01%, respectively. For peak velocities of ≥12.6 cm/s, error with RPC or CPC ranged from −33.3% to −36.9% and COVs were 0%–4% for RPC and 1%–7% for CPC. For peak velocities of ≤6.4 cm/s, RPC and CPC overestimated velocity by &gt;250%. For fluctuating flow, both acquisitions showed similar flow patterns. In volunteer studies, peak systolic and diastolic velocities were not significantly different.</p>
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<p id="p-5"><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> The RPC and CPC sequences measure velocities on the order of CSF flow with an average error of ≥9%. The 2 techniques significantly overestimate peak velocities &lt;6.4 cm/s, with maximum errors of 209% and 276% and maximum COVs of 100% and 73% for the RPC and CPC sequences, respectively. Measurements of CSF velocities in human volunteers and of sinusoidally fluctuating phantom velocities did not differ significantly between the 2 techniques.</p>
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</div><div class="section glossary" id="glossary-1"><h2>Abbreviations</h2><dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">COV<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>coefficient of variation<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">CPC<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>Cartesian-based phase contrast<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-3">PCMR<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>phase-contrast MR imaging<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-4">QA<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>quality assurance<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-5">RBW<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>receiver bandwidth<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-6">RPC<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>radially sampled phase contrast<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-7">SNR<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>signal intensity–to-noise ratio<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-8">VENC<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>velocity encoding<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-9">vps<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>views per segment</dd></dl></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology</li></ul><div class="license" id="license-1"><p id="p-1">Indicates open access to non-subscribers at <a href="http://www.ajnr.org">www.ajnr.org</a></p></div><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/31/7/1331.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Aug 2010, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">31 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1331-1336; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A2039 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Accuracy and Reproducibility of Phase-Contrast MR Imaging Measurements for CSF Flow</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wentland</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">O.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wieben</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Korosec</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">V.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Haughton</span></span></span></div>
  
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