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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Effect of Tonsillar Herniation on Cyclic CSF Flow Studied with Computational Flow Analysis" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A2496" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2011-09-01" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Chiari I malformation, characterized by tonsils extending below the foramen magnum, has increased CSF velocities compared with those in healthy subjects. Measuring the effect of tonsillar herniation on CSF flow in humans is confounded by interindividual variation. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of herniated tonsils on flow velocity and pressure dynamics by using 3D computational models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A previously described 3D mathematic model of the normal subarachnoid space was modified by extending the tonsils inferiorly. The chamber created was compared with the anatomy of the subarachnoid space. Pressures and velocities were calculated by CFA methods for sinusoidal flow of a Newtonian fluid. Results were displayed as 2D color-coded plots and 3D animations. Pressure gradients and flow velocities were compared with those in the normal model. Velocity distributions were also compared with those in clinical images of CSF flow.

RESULTS: The model represented grossly the subarachnoid space of a patient with Chiari I malformation. Fluid flow patterns in the Chiari model were complex, with jets in some locations and stagnant flow in others. Flow jets, synchronous bidirectional flow, and pressure gradients were greater in the Chiari model than in the normal model. The distribution of flow velocities in the model corresponded well with those observed in clinical images of CSF flow in patients with Chiari I.

CONCLUSIONS: Tonsillar herniation per se increases the pressure gradients and the complexity of flow patterns associated with oscillatory CSF flow.

AP
:   anteroposterior
CFA
:   computational flow analysis
LR
:   left-right
PCMR
:   phase-contrast MR imaging
Pmax
:   maximum pressure
Pmin
:   minimum pressure
SI
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.O. Linge" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="V. Haughton" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.E. Løvgren" />
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<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Chiari I malformation, characterized by tonsils extending below the foramen magnum, has increased CSF velocities compared with those in healthy subjects. Measuring the effect of tonsillar herniation on CSF flow in humans is confounded by interindividual variation. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of herniated tonsils on flow velocity and pressure dynamics by using 3D computational models.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A previously described 3D mathematic model of the normal subarachnoid space was modified by extending the tonsils inferiorly. The chamber created was compared with the anatomy of the subarachnoid space. Pressures and velocities were calculated by CFA methods for sinusoidal flow of a Newtonian fluid. Results were displayed as 2D color-coded plots and 3D animations. Pressure gradients and flow velocities were compared with those in the normal model. Velocity distributions were also compared with those in clinical images of CSF flow.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The model represented grossly the subarachnoid space of a patient with Chiari I malformation. Fluid flow patterns in the Chiari model were complex, with jets in some locations and stagnant flow in others. Flow jets, synchronous bidirectional flow, and pressure gradients were greater in the Chiari model than in the normal model. The distribution of flow velocities in the model corresponded well with those observed in clinical images of CSF flow in patients with Chiari I.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tonsillar herniation per se increases the pressure gradients and the complexity of flow patterns associated with oscillatory CSF flow.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Chiari I malformation, characterized by tonsils extending below the foramen magnum, has increased CSF velocities compared with those in healthy subjects. Measuring the effect of tonsillar herniation on CSF flow in humans is confounded by interindividual variation. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of herniated tonsils on flow velocity and pressure dynamics by using 3D computational models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A previously described 3D mathematic model of the normal subarachnoid space was modified by extending the tonsils inferiorly. The chamber created was compared with the anatomy of the subarachnoid space. Pressures and velocities were calculated by CFA methods for sinusoidal flow of a Newtonian fluid. Results were displayed as 2D color-coded plots and 3D animations. Pressure gradients and flow velocities were compared with those in the normal model. Velocity distributions were also compared with those in clinical images of CSF flow.

RESULTS: The model represented grossly the subarachnoid space of a patient with Chiari I malformation. Fluid flow patterns in the Chiari model were complex, with jets in some locations and stagnant flow in others. Flow jets, synchronous bidirectional flow, and pressure gradients were greater in the Chiari model than in the normal model. The distribution of flow velocities in the model corresponded well with those observed in clinical images of CSF flow in patients with Chiari I.

CONCLUSIONS: Tonsillar herniation per se increases the pressure gradients and the complexity of flow patterns associated with oscillatory CSF flow.

AP
:   anteroposterior
CFA
:   computational flow analysis
LR
:   left-right
PCMR
:   phase-contrast MR imaging
Pmax
:   maximum pressure
Pmin
:   minimum pressure
SI
:   superior-inferior" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Effect of Tonsillar Herniation on Cyclic CSF Flow Studied with Computational Flow Analysis" />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Chiari I malformation, characterized by tonsils extending below the foramen magnum, has increased CSF velocities compared with those in healthy subjects. Measuring the effect of tonsillar herniation on CSF flow in humans is confounded by interindividual variation. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of herniated tonsils on flow velocity and pressure dynamics by using 3D computational models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A previously described 3D mathematic model of the normal subarachnoid space was modified by extending the tonsils inferiorly. The chamber created was compared with the anatomy of the subarachnoid space. Pressures and velocities were calculated by CFA methods for sinusoidal flow of a Newtonian fluid. Results were displayed as 2D color-coded plots and 3D animations. Pressure gradients and flow velocities were compared with those in the normal model. Velocity distributions were also compared with those in clinical images of CSF flow.

RESULTS: The model represented grossly the subarachnoid space of a patient with Chiari I malformation. Fluid flow patterns in the Chiari model were complex, with jets in some locations and stagnant flow in others. Flow jets, synchronous bidirectional flow, and pressure gradients were greater in the Chiari model than in the normal model. The distribution of flow velocities in the model corresponded well with those observed in clinical images of CSF flow in patients with Chiari I.

CONCLUSIONS: Tonsillar herniation per se increases the pressure gradients and the complexity of flow patterns associated with oscillatory CSF flow.

AP
:   anteroposterior
CFA
:   computational flow analysis
LR
:   left-right
PCMR
:   phase-contrast MR imaging
Pmax
:   maximum pressure
Pmin
:   minimum pressure
SI
:   superior-inferior" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node12131--5" data-node-nid="12131" id="top-node-12131--61072208944" data-pisa="ajnr;32/8/1474" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A2496" data-apath="/ajnr/32/8/1474.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Spine</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Effect of Tonsillar Herniation on Cyclic CSF Flow Studied with Computational Flow Analysis</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">S.O. Linge</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">V. Haughton</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">A.E. Løvgren</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">K.A. Mardal</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">A. Helgeland</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">H.P. Langtangen</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">September 2011,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">32 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(8) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1474-1481; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2496 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-12131--61072208944" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.O. Linge </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.O.%2BLinge%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Linge%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.O.%2BLinge%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">V. Haughton </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=V.%2BHaughton%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Haughton%20V&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AV.%2BHaughton%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.E. Løvgren </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.E.%2BL%C3%B8vgren%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=L%C3%B8vgren%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.E.%2BL%25C3%25B8vgren%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K.A. Mardal </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.A.%2BMardal%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mardal%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.A.%2BMardal%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. Helgeland </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.%2BHelgeland%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Helgeland%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.%2BHelgeland%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">H.P. Langtangen </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=H.P.%2BLangtangen%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Langtangen%20H&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AH.P.%2BLangtangen%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2>References</h2><ol class="cit-list ref-use-labels"><li><span class="ref-label">1.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1. in text" id="ref-1">↵</a>

<div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-32.8.1474.1"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Quigley</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">MF</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Iskandar</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">B</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Quigley</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">MA</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Cerebrospinal fluid flow in foramen magnum: temporal and spatial patterns at MR imaging in volunteers and in patients with Chiari I malformation</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Radiology</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2004</span>;<span class="cit-vol">232</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">229</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">36</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=15155896&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F32%2F8%2F1474.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000222161300031&amp;link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">2.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-2-1" title="View reference 2. in text" id="ref-2">↵</a>

<div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-32.8.1474.2"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Turk</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Iskandar</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">BJ</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Haughton</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">V</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Recording CSF pressure with a transducer-tipped wire in an animal model of Chiari I</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">AJNR Am J Neuroradiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2006</span>;<span class="cit-vol">27</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">354</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">55</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoiYWpuciI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo4OiIyNy8yLzM1NCI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIwOiIvYWpuci8zMi84LzE0NzQuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">3.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-3-1" title="View reference 3. in text" id="ref-3">↵</a>

<div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-32.8.1474.3" data-doi="10.3174/ajnr.A1766"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Linge</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">SO</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Haughton</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">V</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Løvgren</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">AE</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">CSF flow dynamics at the craniovertebral junction studied with an idealized model of the subarachnoid space and computational flow analysis</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">AJNR Am J Neuroradiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2010</span>;<span class="cit-vol">31</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">185</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">92</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoiYWpuciI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo4OiIzMS8xLzE4NSI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIwOiIvYWpuci8zMi84LzE0NzQuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">4.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-4-1" title="View reference 4. in text" id="ref-4">↵</a>

<div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-32.8.1474.4"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Dolar</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">MT</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Haughton</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">VM</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Iskandar</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">BJ</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Effect of craniocervical decompression on peak CSF velocities in symptomatic patients with Chiari I malformation</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">AJNR Am J Neuroradiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2010</span>;<span class="cit-vol">25</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">142</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">45</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">5.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-5-1" title="View reference 5. in text" id="ref-5">↵</a>

<div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-32.8.1474.5" data-doi="10.3171/jns.1999.91.4.0553"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Heiss</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">JD</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Patronas</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">N</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">DeVroom</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">HL</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Elucidating the pathophysiology of syringomyelia</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Neurosurg</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">1999</span>;<span class="cit-vol">91</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">553</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">62</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.3171/jns.1999.91.4.0553&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10507374&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F32%2F8%2F1474.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000082763400004&amp;link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">6.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-6-1" title="View reference 6. in text" id="ref-6">↵</a>

<div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-32.8.1474.6" data-doi="10.1007/s10143-010-0266-5"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Koyanagi</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">I</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Houkin</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">K</span></span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Pathogenesis of syringomyelia associated with Chiari type 1 malformation: review of evidences and proposal of a new hypothesis</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Neurosurg Rev</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2010</span>;<span class="cit-vol">33</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">271</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">85</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1007/s10143-010-0266-5&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=20532585&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F32%2F8%2F1474.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">7.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-7-1" title="View reference 7. in text" id="ref-7">↵</a>

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<div class="cit ref-cit ref-book" id="cit-32.8.1474.8"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite><span class="cit-auth cit-collab">Star-CD</span>. <span class="cit-source">Star-CD User Guide and Methodology. Version 3.26</span>. <span class="cit-publ-loc">London, UK</span>: <span class="cit-publ-name">Computational Dynamics</span>; <span class="cit-pub-date">2007</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">9.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-9-1" title="View reference 9. in text" id="ref-9">↵</a>

<div class="cit ref-cit ref-web" id="cit-32.8.1474.9"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite><span class="cit-source">ICEM CFD</span>. <span class="cit-comment"><a href="http://www.ansys.com/products/icemcfd.asp">http://www.ansys.com/products/icemcfd.asp</a></span>. <span class="cit-access-date">Accessed March 6, 2011</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">10.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-10-1" title="View reference 10. in text" id="ref-10">↵</a>

<div class="cit ref-cit ref-web" id="cit-32.8.1474.10"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite><span class="cit-source">MATLAB for Microsoft Windows, Version 5.3.0.10183 (R11). 1999. MathWorks Inc</span>. <span class="cit-comment"><a href="http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab">http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab</a></span>. <span class="cit-access-date">Accessed March 6, 2011</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">11.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-11-1" title="View reference 11. in text" id="ref-11">↵</a>

<div class="cit ref-cit ref-book" id="cit-32.8.1474.11"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite><span class="cit-publ-name">Gaarder and Helgeland</span>. <span class="cit-source">Voluviz</span>. <span class="cit-comment"><a href="http://persons.unik.no/personer/andershe/papers/voluviz/voluviz.html">http://persons.unik.no/personer/andershe/papers/voluviz/voluviz.html</a></span>. <span class="cit-access-date">Accessed March 7, 2011</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">12.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-12-1" title="View reference 12. in text" id="ref-12">↵</a>

<div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-32.8.1474.12" data-doi="10.1109/TVCG.2006.95"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Helgeland</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Elboth</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">T</span></span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">High-quality and interactive animations of 3D time-varying vector fields</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Visualization and Computer Graphics, IEEE Transactions</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2006</span>;<span class="cit-vol">12</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1535</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">46</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1109/TVCG.2006.95&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">13.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-13-1" title="View reference 13. in text" id="ref-13">↵</a>

<div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-32.8.1474.13"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Levy</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">LM</span></span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">MR imaging of cerebrospinal fluid flow and spinal cord motion in neurologic disorders of the spine</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">1999</span>;<span class="cit-vol">7</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">573</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">87</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10494536&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F32%2F8%2F1474.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">14.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-14-1" title="View reference 14. in text" id="ref-14">↵</a>

<div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-32.8.1474.14"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Oldfield</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">EH</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Muraszko</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">K</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Shawker</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">TH</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Pathophysiology of syringomyelia associated with Chiari I malformation of the cerebellar tonsils</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Neurosurg</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">1994</span>;<span class="cit-vol">80</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">3</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">15</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=8271018&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F32%2F8%2F1474.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1994MQ15400001&amp;link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li></ol></div></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 32</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 8 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Sep 2011 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Effect of Tonsillar Herniation on Cyclic CSF Flow Studied with Computational Flow Analysis</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.O.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Linge</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">V.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Haughton</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Løvgren</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">K.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mardal</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Helgeland</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">H.P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Langtangen</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Sep 2011, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">32 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(8) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1474-1481; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A2496 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Effect of Tonsillar Herniation on Cyclic CSF Flow Studied with Computational Flow Analysis</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.O.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Linge</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">V.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Haughton</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Løvgren</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">K.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mardal</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Helgeland</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">H.P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Langtangen</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Sep 2011, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">32 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(8) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1474-1481; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A2496 </span></div>
  
  
  
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