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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Functional and Structural MR Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Part 2: Application in Schizophrenia and Autism" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="SUMMARY: During the past decade, the application of advanced MR imaging techniques in neuropsychiatric disorders has seen a rapid increase. Disease-specific alterations in brain function can be assessed by fMRI. Structural GM and WM properties are increasingly investigated by DTI and voxel-based approaches like VBM. These methods provide neurobiologic correlates for brain architecture and function, evaluation tools for therapeutic approaches, and potential early markers for diagnosis. Having provided insight into principles of functional and structural imaging and delineated common findings in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease in Part 1 of this review, we will now focus on autism and schizophrenia as common psychiatric disorders covering different stages of the life span. This review concludes by summarizing current applications, limitations, and future prospects in the field of MR imaging−based neuroimaging.

ACC
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ASD
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BOLD
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DMN
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DSM
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FA
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GM
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HFA
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&lt;p&gt;During the past decade, the application of advanced MR imaging techniques in neuropsychiatric disorders has seen a rapid increase. Disease-specific alterations in brain function can be assessed by fMRI. Structural GM and WM properties are increasingly investigated by DTI and voxel-based approaches like VBM. These methods provide neurobiologic correlates for brain architecture and function, evaluation tools for therapeutic approaches, and potential early markers for diagnosis. Having provided insight into principles of functional and structural imaging and delineated common findings in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease in Part 1 of this review, we will now focus on autism and schizophrenia as common psychiatric disorders covering different stages of the life span. This review concludes by summarizing current applications, limitations, and future prospects in the field of MR imaging−based neuroimaging.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Functional and Structural MR Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Part 2: Application in Schizophrenia and Autism" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="SUMMARY: During the past decade, the application of advanced MR imaging techniques in neuropsychiatric disorders has seen a rapid increase. Disease-specific alterations in brain function can be assessed by fMRI. Structural GM and WM properties are increasingly investigated by DTI and voxel-based approaches like VBM. These methods provide neurobiologic correlates for brain architecture and function, evaluation tools for therapeutic approaches, and potential early markers for diagnosis. Having provided insight into principles of functional and structural imaging and delineated common findings in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease in Part 1 of this review, we will now focus on autism and schizophrenia as common psychiatric disorders covering different stages of the life span. This review concludes by summarizing current applications, limitations, and future prospects in the field of MR imaging−based neuroimaging.

ACC
:   anterior cingulate cortex
ASD
:   autism spectrum disorders
BOLD
:   blood oxygen level–dependent
DMN
:   default mode network
DSM
:   Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
GM
:   gray matter
HFA
:   high-functioning autism
ICD
:   International Classification of Diseases
RSN
:   resting-state network
rsfMRI
:   resting-state fMRI
VBM
:   voxel-based morphometry" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Functional and Structural MR Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Part 2: Application in Schizophrenia and Autism" />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="SUMMARY: During the past decade, the application of advanced MR imaging techniques in neuropsychiatric disorders has seen a rapid increase. Disease-specific alterations in brain function can be assessed by fMRI. Structural GM and WM properties are increasingly investigated by DTI and voxel-based approaches like VBM. These methods provide neurobiologic correlates for brain architecture and function, evaluation tools for therapeutic approaches, and potential early markers for diagnosis. Having provided insight into principles of functional and structural imaging and delineated common findings in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease in Part 1 of this review, we will now focus on autism and schizophrenia as common psychiatric disorders covering different stages of the life span. This review concludes by summarizing current applications, limitations, and future prospects in the field of MR imaging−based neuroimaging.

ACC
:   anterior cingulate cortex
ASD
:   autism spectrum disorders
BOLD
:   blood oxygen level–dependent
DMN
:   default mode network
DSM
:   Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
GM
:   gray matter
HFA
:   high-functioning autism
ICD
:   International Classification of Diseases
RSN
:   resting-state network
rsfMRI
:   resting-state fMRI
VBM
:   voxel-based morphometry" />
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-12371--61325962439" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Mueller </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Institute of Clinical Radiology (S.M., D.K., M.F.R., T.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BMueller%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mueller%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BMueller%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D. Keeser </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Institute of Clinical Radiology (S.M., D.K., M.F.R., T.M.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (D.K.), Ludwigs-Maximilian University Munich, Munich Germany</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.%2BKeeser%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Keeser%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.%2BKeeser%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M.F. Reiser </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Institute of Clinical Radiology (S.M., D.K., M.F.R., T.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.F.%2BReiser%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Reiser%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.F.%2BReiser%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Teipel </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Psychiatry (S.T.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BTeipel%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Teipel%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BTeipel%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">T. 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<p id="p-2"><strong>SUMMARY:</strong> During the past decade, the application of advanced MR imaging techniques in neuropsychiatric disorders has seen a rapid increase. Disease-specific alterations in brain function can be assessed by fMRI. Structural GM and WM properties are increasingly investigated by DTI and voxel-based approaches like VBM. These methods provide neurobiologic correlates for brain architecture and function, evaluation tools for therapeutic approaches, and potential early markers for diagnosis. Having provided insight into principles of functional and structural imaging and delineated common findings in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease in Part 1 of this review, we will now focus on autism and schizophrenia as common psychiatric disorders covering different stages of the life span. This review concludes by summarizing current applications, limitations, and future prospects in the field of MR imaging−based neuroimaging.</p>
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<h2>ABBREVIATIONS:</h2>
<dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">ACC<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>anterior cingulate cortex<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">ASD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>autism spectrum disorders<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-3">BOLD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>blood oxygen level–dependent<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-4">DMN<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>default mode network<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-5">DSM<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd><em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</em><span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-6">FA<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>fractional anisotropy<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-7">GM<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>gray matter<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-8">HFA<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>high-functioning autism<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-9">ICD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>International Classification of Diseases<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-10">RSN<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>resting-state network<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-11">rsfMRI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>resting-state fMRI<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-12">VBM<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>voxel-based morphometry</dd></dl>
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mueller</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Keeser</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Reiser</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Teipel</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">T.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Meindl</span></span></span></div>
  
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