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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Sodium MRI in Pediatric Brain Tumors" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="Direct sodium MRI (23Na-MRI) derives its signal from spin-manipulation of the 23Na nucleus itself and not the more conventional and familiar 1H-MRI. Although present at much lower concentrations in the human body than the 1H nuclei in the water molecule H2O, advances in coil design and pulse sequence development have enabled the feasibility of human in-vivo 23Na-MRI. Additionally,23NaMRI has the potential to offer nuanced physiological insights not available to conventional MRI; this forms the basis of interest in its development, and optimism for its novel clinical utility. 23Na-MRI has potential to be a useful non-invasive imaging technique to assess biochemical and physiologic cellular changes in tissues, e.g. cell integrity and tissue viability. Pathologically, the concentration of total sodium is elevated in tumors relative to normal counterparts due to increased intracellular sodium and/or an increased proportion of extracellular space (reflecting changes in cell morphology and anomalies of homeostasis). Here we review the technological advancements with improved pulse sequences and reconstruction methods that combat the inherent challenges of measuring sodium concentrations in the pediatric brain (in particular, its short tissue T2 value) and present detailed imaging approaches to quantifying sodium concentrations in the pediatric brain that can be assessed in various CNS pathologies, with the focus of this paper on pediatric brain tumors.

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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Aashim Bhatia" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Cassie Kline" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Peter J Madsen" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Michael J Fisher" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Fernando E. Boada" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Timothy P.L. Roberts" />
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&lt;p&gt;Direct sodium MRI (&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;Na-MRI) derives its signal from spin-manipulation of the &lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;Na nucleus itself and not the more conventional and familiar &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H-MRI. Although present at much lower concentrations in the human body than the &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H nuclei in the water molecule H2O, advances in coil design and pulse sequence development have enabled the feasibility of human &lt;i&gt;in-vivo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;Na-MRI. Additionally,&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;NaMRI has the potential to offer nuanced physiological insights not available to conventional MRI; this forms the basis of interest in its development, and optimism for its novel clinical utility. &lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;Na-MRI has potential to be a useful non-invasive imaging technique to assess biochemical and physiologic cellular changes in tissues, e.g. cell integrity and tissue viability. Pathologically, the concentration of &lt;i&gt;total&lt;/i&gt; sodium is elevated in tumors relative to normal counterparts due to increased intracellular sodium and/or an increased proportion of extracellular space (reflecting changes in cell morphology and anomalies of homeostasis). Here we review the technological advancements with improved pulse sequences and reconstruction methods that combat the inherent challenges of measuring sodium concentrations in the pediatric brain (in particular, its short tissue T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; value) and present detailed imaging approaches to quantifying sodium concentrations in the pediatric brain that can be assessed in various CNS pathologies, with the focus of this paper on pediatric brain tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ABBREVIATIONS: ECV, extracellular volume fraction; GBCA, gadolinium-based contrast agents; &lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;Na-MRI, sodium MRI; IBR, iterative Bowsher reconstruction; ISC, intracellular sodium concentration, TSC, total sodium concentration&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="Direct sodium MRI (23Na-MRI) derives its signal from spin-manipulation of the 23Na nucleus itself and not the more conventional and familiar 1H-MRI. Although present at much lower concentrations in the human body than the 1H nuclei in the water molecule H2O, advances in coil design and pulse sequence development have enabled the feasibility of human in-vivo 23Na-MRI. Additionally,23NaMRI has the potential to offer nuanced physiological insights not available to conventional MRI; this forms the basis of interest in its development, and optimism for its novel clinical utility. 23Na-MRI has potential to be a useful non-invasive imaging technique to assess biochemical and physiologic cellular changes in tissues, e.g. cell integrity and tissue viability. Pathologically, the concentration of total sodium is elevated in tumors relative to normal counterparts due to increased intracellular sodium and/or an increased proportion of extracellular space (reflecting changes in cell morphology and anomalies of homeostasis). Here we review the technological advancements with improved pulse sequences and reconstruction methods that combat the inherent challenges of measuring sodium concentrations in the pediatric brain (in particular, its short tissue T2 value) and present detailed imaging approaches to quantifying sodium concentrations in the pediatric brain that can be assessed in various CNS pathologies, with the focus of this paper on pediatric brain tumors.

ABBREVIATIONS: ECV, extracellular volume fraction; GBCA, gadolinium-based contrast agents; 23Na-MRI, sodium MRI; IBR, iterative Bowsher reconstruction; ISC, intracellular sodium concentration, TSC, total sodium concentration" />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="Direct sodium MRI (23Na-MRI) derives its signal from spin-manipulation of the 23Na nucleus itself and not the more conventional and familiar 1H-MRI. Although present at much lower concentrations in the human body than the 1H nuclei in the water molecule H2O, advances in coil design and pulse sequence development have enabled the feasibility of human in-vivo 23Na-MRI. Additionally,23NaMRI has the potential to offer nuanced physiological insights not available to conventional MRI; this forms the basis of interest in its development, and optimism for its novel clinical utility. 23Na-MRI has potential to be a useful non-invasive imaging technique to assess biochemical and physiologic cellular changes in tissues, e.g. cell integrity and tissue viability. Pathologically, the concentration of total sodium is elevated in tumors relative to normal counterparts due to increased intracellular sodium and/or an increased proportion of extracellular space (reflecting changes in cell morphology and anomalies of homeostasis). Here we review the technological advancements with improved pulse sequences and reconstruction methods that combat the inherent challenges of measuring sodium concentrations in the pediatric brain (in particular, its short tissue T2 value) and present detailed imaging approaches to quantifying sodium concentrations in the pediatric brain that can be assessed in various CNS pathologies, with the focus of this paper on pediatric brain tumors.

ABBREVIATIONS: ECV, extracellular volume fraction; GBCA, gadolinium-based contrast agents; 23Na-MRI, sodium MRI; IBR, iterative Bowsher reconstruction; ISC, intracellular sodium concentration, TSC, total sodium concentration" />
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      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Review Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">REVIEW ARTICLE</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Sodium MRI in Pediatric Brain Tumors</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Aashim Bhatia</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Cassie Kline</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Peter J Madsen</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">Michael J Fisher</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Fernando E. Boada</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Timothy P.L. Roberts</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">December 2024,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">ajnr.A8642; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8642 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-112558--635808137" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Aashim Bhatia </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (A.B., T.P.L.R.); Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (C.K., M.J.F.); Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Radiological Sciences Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.E.B).</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Aashim%2BBhatia%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bhatia%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AAashim%2BBhatia%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Cassie Kline </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (A.B., T.P.L.R.); Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (C.K., M.J.F.); Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Radiological Sciences Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.E.B).</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Cassie%2BKline%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kline%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ACassie%2BKline%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Peter J Madsen </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (A.B., T.P.L.R.); Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (C.K., M.J.F.); Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Radiological Sciences Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.E.B).</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Peter%2BJ%2BMadsen%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Madsen%20PJ&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3APeter%2BJ%2BMadsen%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Michael J Fisher </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (A.B., T.P.L.R.); Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (C.K., M.J.F.); Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Radiological Sciences Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.E.B).</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Michael%2BJ%2BFisher%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Fisher%20MJ&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AMichael%2BJ%2BFisher%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Fernando E. Boada </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (A.B., T.P.L.R.); Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (C.K., M.J.F.); Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Radiological Sciences Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.E.B).</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Fernando%2BE.%2BBoada%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Boada%20FE&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AFernando%2BE.%2BBoada%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Timothy P.L. Roberts </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (A.B., T.P.L.R.); Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (C.K., M.J.F.); Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Radiological Sciences Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.E.B).</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Timothy%2BP.L.%2BRoberts%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Roberts%20TP&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ATimothy%2BP.L.%2BRoberts%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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