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    Optimal Contrast Concentration for CT-Guided Epidural Steroid Injections | American Journal of Neuroradiology  
    



















    































    
  
  




    
    

  

      


    

      

  
  
  

    

  

    

  

                
    

      

  

    

  
      
  
  

    


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Research ArticleSpine

  
      

  
      
Optimal Contrast Concentration for CT-Guided Epidural Steroid Injections
  
    	
P.G. Kranz, M. Abbott, D. Abbott and J.K. Hoang

  
    	
American Journal of Neuroradiology January 2014,  35 (1) 191-195; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3626 

  
  
  



  


  
  



			

		

	
	
 	
	  
  

		
		

			

			  

  
      
  
  

    
  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    

  

    

  
      
  
  

    
REFERENCES
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    1. Provenzano  DA, 
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    . Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections: should we be performing them? Reg Anesth Pain Med 2007;32:169–70
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    1. McGrath  JM, 
    2. Schaefer  MP, 
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    . Incidence and characteristics of complications from epidural steroid injections. Pain Med 2011;12:726–31
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    1. Benny  B, 
    2. Azari  P, 
    3. Briones  D
    . Complications of cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2010;89:601–07
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    1. White  AH, 
    2. Derby  R, 
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    . Epidural injections for the diagnosis and treatment of low-back pain. Spine 1980;5:78–86
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    1. Stojanovic  MP, 
    2. Vu  TN, 
    3. Caneris  O, 
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    . The role of fluoroscopy in cervical epidural steroid injections: an analysis of contrast dispersal patterns. Spine 2002;27:509–14
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    1. Glaser  SE, 
    2. Shah  RV
    . Root cause analysis of paraplegia following transforaminal epidural steroid injections: the ‘unsafe’ triangle. Pain Physician 2010;13:237–44
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    1. Wald  JT, 
    2. Maus  TP, 
    3. Geske  JR, 
    4. et al
    . Safety and efficacy of CT-guided transforaminal cervical epidural steroid injections using a posterior approach. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33:415–19
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
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    1. Chang  A, 
    2. Pochert  S, 
    3. Romano  C, 
    4. et al
    . Safety of 1000 CT-guided steroid injections with air used to localize the epidural space. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:E175–77
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    1. Silbergleit  R, 
    2. Mehta  BA, 
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    4. et al
    . Imaging-guided injection techniques with fluoroscopy and CT for spinal pain management. Radiographics 2001;21:927–39
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    1. Wagner  AL
    . CT fluoroscopic-guided cervical nerve root blocks. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:43–44
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    1. Hoang  JK, 
    2. Apostol  MA, 
    3. Kranz  PG, 
    4. et al
    . CT fluoroscopy-assisted cervical transforaminal steroid injection: tips, traps, and use of contrast material. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;195:888–94
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    1. Miller  TS, 
    2. Fruauff  K, 
    3. Farinhas  J, 
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    1. Kranz  PG, 
    2. Raduazo  PA
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    1. Wang  PJ, 
    2. Shang  MY, 
    3. Qian  Z, 
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    . CT-guided percutaneous neurolytic celiac plexus block technique. Abdom Imaging 2006;31:710–18
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    1. Hoang  JK, 
    2. Massoglia  DP, 
    3. Apostol  MA, 
    4. et al
    . CT-guided cervical transforaminal steroid injections: where should the needle tip be located? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34:688–92
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  


  
  



  




  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    
  


  
  



  
      
  
  

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Optimal Contrast Concentration for CT-Guided Epidural Steroid Injections
  
    	
P.G. Kranz, M. Abbott, D. Abbott, J.K. Hoang

  
    	
American Journal of Neuroradiology Jan 2014, 35 (1) 191-195; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A3626 

  
  
  



  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    

  
    
  
  
    
  
  
    
  


  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    
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