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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Patterns of Brain Structural Changes in First-Contact, Antipsychotic Drug-Naïve Patients with Schizophrenia" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A3583" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2014-01-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2014 by American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="restricted" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies have suggested that structural changes do occur in the brain of patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy control participants. However, findings from such studies are inconclusive, probably because of the different methodologic approaches, the clinical heterogeneity of patient samples, and also the fact that patients enrolled were treated with antipsychotic drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate brain GM volumes and intrinsic structural WM changes in first-contact, antipsychotic drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 43 first-contact, drug-naïve, patients with schizophrenia and 17 age-matched control participants were studied. All participants underwent T1-weighted MR imaging and DTI scans. Voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics were used to compare GM volumes and WM DTI metrics between groups. MR imaging measures were correlated with the duration of the untreated psychosis and the clinical positive and negative symptoms.

RESULTS: Compared with control participants, patients with schizophrenia showed smaller volumes of the temporal, parietal, and occipital GM, and a pattern of decreased mean diffusivity and increased fractional anisotropy in the brain stem and cerebellum bilaterally, interhemispheric and cortico-cortical connections bilaterally, and right anterior and posterior limb of the internal capsule. In patients, decreased mean diffusivity and increased fractional anisotropy in several brain regions were related to a longer duration of the untreated psychosis and the severity of positive symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS: First-contact, drug-naïve, patients with schizophrenia present with volumetric and DTI changes, which correlated with their clinical features. This study increases our knowledge on the neural networks involved in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of schizophrenia.

DARTEL
:   Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration through Exponentiated Lie Algebra
DUP
:   duration of the untreated psychosis
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
MD
:   mean diffusivity
PANSS
:   Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales
MNI
:   Montreal Neurological Institute
TBSS
:   tract-based spatial statistics" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Filippi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Canu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Gasparotti" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="F. Agosta" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P. Valsecchi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G. Lodoli" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Galluzzo" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G. Comi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Sacchetti" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2014-01-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Patterns of Brain Structural Changes in First-Contact, Antipsychotic Drug-Naïve Patients with Schizophrenia" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Previous studies have suggested that structural changes do occur in the brain of patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy control participants. However, findings from such studies are inconclusive, probably because of the different methodologic approaches, the clinical heterogeneity of patient samples, and also the fact that patients enrolled were treated with antipsychotic drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate brain GM volumes and intrinsic structural WM changes in first-contact, antipsychotic drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A total of 43 first-contact, drug-naïve, patients with schizophrenia and 17 age-matched control participants were studied. All participants underwent T1-weighted MR imaging and DTI scans. Voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics were used to compare GM volumes and WM DTI metrics between groups. MR imaging measures were correlated with the duration of the untreated psychosis and the clinical positive and negative symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Compared with control participants, patients with schizophrenia showed smaller volumes of the temporal, parietal, and occipital GM, and a pattern of decreased mean diffusivity and increased fractional anisotropy in the brain stem and cerebellum bilaterally, interhemispheric and cortico-cortical connections bilaterally, and right anterior and posterior limb of the internal capsule. In patients, decreased mean diffusivity and increased fractional anisotropy in several brain regions were related to a longer duration of the untreated psychosis and the severity of positive symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;First-contact, drug-naïve, patients with schizophrenia present with volumetric and DTI changes, which correlated with their clinical features. This study increases our knowledge on the neural networks involved in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of schizophrenia.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="aFrom the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F., E.C., F.A.) Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience" />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="cDepartment of Diagnostic Imaging (R.G., G.L.), Neuroradiology Unit, Brescia University School of Medicine, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy" />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="aFrom the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F., E.C., F.A.) Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience" />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="eUniversity Psychiatric Unit (P.V., E.S.), Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Patterns of Brain Structural Changes in First-Contact, Antipsychotic Drug-Naïve Patients with Schizophrenia" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies have suggested that structural changes do occur in the brain of patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy control participants. However, findings from such studies are inconclusive, probably because of the different methodologic approaches, the clinical heterogeneity of patient samples, and also the fact that patients enrolled were treated with antipsychotic drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate brain GM volumes and intrinsic structural WM changes in first-contact, antipsychotic drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 43 first-contact, drug-naïve, patients with schizophrenia and 17 age-matched control participants were studied. All participants underwent T1-weighted MR imaging and DTI scans. Voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics were used to compare GM volumes and WM DTI metrics between groups. MR imaging measures were correlated with the duration of the untreated psychosis and the clinical positive and negative symptoms.

RESULTS: Compared with control participants, patients with schizophrenia showed smaller volumes of the temporal, parietal, and occipital GM, and a pattern of decreased mean diffusivity and increased fractional anisotropy in the brain stem and cerebellum bilaterally, interhemispheric and cortico-cortical connections bilaterally, and right anterior and posterior limb of the internal capsule. In patients, decreased mean diffusivity and increased fractional anisotropy in several brain regions were related to a longer duration of the untreated psychosis and the severity of positive symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS: First-contact, drug-naïve, patients with schizophrenia present with volumetric and DTI changes, which correlated with their clinical features. This study increases our knowledge on the neural networks involved in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of schizophrenia.

DARTEL
:   Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration through Exponentiated Lie Algebra
DUP
:   duration of the untreated psychosis
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
MD
:   mean diffusivity
PANSS
:   Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales
MNI
:   Montreal Neurological Institute
TBSS
:   tract-based spatial statistics" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Patterns of Brain Structural Changes in First-Contact, Antipsychotic Drug-Naïve Patients with Schizophrenia" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/35/1/30" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies have suggested that structural changes do occur in the brain of patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy control participants. However, findings from such studies are inconclusive, probably because of the different methodologic approaches, the clinical heterogeneity of patient samples, and also the fact that patients enrolled were treated with antipsychotic drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate brain GM volumes and intrinsic structural WM changes in first-contact, antipsychotic drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 43 first-contact, drug-naïve, patients with schizophrenia and 17 age-matched control participants were studied. All participants underwent T1-weighted MR imaging and DTI scans. Voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics were used to compare GM volumes and WM DTI metrics between groups. MR imaging measures were correlated with the duration of the untreated psychosis and the clinical positive and negative symptoms.

RESULTS: Compared with control participants, patients with schizophrenia showed smaller volumes of the temporal, parietal, and occipital GM, and a pattern of decreased mean diffusivity and increased fractional anisotropy in the brain stem and cerebellum bilaterally, interhemispheric and cortico-cortical connections bilaterally, and right anterior and posterior limb of the internal capsule. In patients, decreased mean diffusivity and increased fractional anisotropy in several brain regions were related to a longer duration of the untreated psychosis and the severity of positive symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS: First-contact, drug-naïve, patients with schizophrenia present with volumetric and DTI changes, which correlated with their clinical features. This study increases our knowledge on the neural networks involved in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of schizophrenia.

DARTEL
:   Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration through Exponentiated Lie Algebra
DUP
:   duration of the untreated psychosis
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
MD
:   mean diffusivity
PANSS
:   Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales
MNI
:   Montreal Neurological Institute
TBSS
:   tract-based spatial statistics" />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Patterns of Brain Structural Changes in First-Contact, Antipsychotic Drug-Naïve Patients with Schizophrenia</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">M. Filippi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">E. Canu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">R. Gasparotti</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">F. Agosta</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">P. Valsecchi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">G. Lodoli</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">A. Galluzzo</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">G. Comi</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">E. Sacchetti</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">January 2014,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">35 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">30-37; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3583 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-12748--698948431" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Filippi </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F., E.C., F.A.) Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Neurology (M.F., G.C.) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BFilippi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Filippi%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BFilippi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Canu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F., E.C., F.A.) Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BCanu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Canu%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BCanu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R. Gasparotti </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Diagnostic Imaging (R.G., G.L.), Neuroradiology Unit, Brescia University School of Medicine, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.%2BGasparotti%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gasparotti%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.%2BGasparotti%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">F. Agosta </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F., E.C., F.A.) Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=F.%2BAgosta%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Agosta%20F&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AF.%2BAgosta%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">P. Valsecchi </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Department of Mental Health (P.V., A.G., E.S.), Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>University Psychiatric Unit (P.V., E.S.), Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=P.%2BValsecchi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Valsecchi%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AP.%2BValsecchi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">G. Lodoli </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Diagnostic Imaging (R.G., G.L.), Neuroradiology Unit, Brescia University School of Medicine, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=G.%2BLodoli%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lodoli%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AG.%2BLodoli%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. Galluzzo </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Department of Mental Health (P.V., A.G., E.S.), Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.%2BGalluzzo%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Galluzzo%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.%2BGalluzzo%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">G. Comi </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Neurology (M.F., G.C.) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=G.%2BComi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Comi%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AG.%2BComi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. 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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jan 2014, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">35 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">30-37; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A3583 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Filippi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Canu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gasparotti</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Agosta</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Valsecchi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Lodoli</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Galluzzo</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Comi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sacchetti</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jan 2014, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">35 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">30-37; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A3583 </span></div>
  
  
  
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