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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Brain Changes in Kallmann Syndrome" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A3946" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2014-09-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2014 by American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Kallmann syndrome is a rare inherited disorder due to defective intrauterine migration of olfactory axons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, leading to rhinencephalon hypoplasia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Concomitant brain developmental abnormalities have been described. Our aim was to investigate Kallmann syndrome–related brain changes with conventional and novel quantitative MR imaging analyses.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five male patients with Kallmann syndrome (mean age, 30.7 years; range, 9–55 years) and 23 age-matched male controls underwent brain MR imaging. The MR imaging study protocol included 3D-T1, FLAIR, and diffusion tensor imaging (32 noncollinear gradient-encoding directions; b-value = 800 s/mm2). Voxel-based morphometry, sulcation, curvature, and cortical thickness analyses and tract-based spatial statistics were performed by using Statistical Parametric Mapping 8, FreeSurfer, and the fMRI of the Brain Software Library.

RESULTS: Corpus callosum partial agenesis, multiple sclerosis–like white matter abnormalities, and acoustic schwannoma were found in 1 patient each. The total amount of gray and white matter volume and tract-based spatial statistics measures (fractional anisotropy and mean, radial, and axial diffusivity) did not differ between patients with Kallmann syndrome and controls. By specific analyses, patients with Kallmann syndrome presented with symmetric clusters of gray matter volume increase and decrease and white matter volume decrease close to the olfactory sulci; reduced sulcal depth of the olfactory sulci and deeper medial orbital-frontal sulci; lesser curvature of the olfactory sulcus and sharper curvature close to the medial orbital-frontal sulcus; and increased cortical thickness within the olfactory sulcus.

CONCLUSIONS: This large MR imaging study on male patients with Kallmann syndrome featured significant morphologic and structural brain changes, likely driven by olfactory bulb hypo-/aplasia, selectively involving the basal forebrain cortex.

KS
:   Kallmann syndrome
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
MNI
:   Montreal Neurological Institute
TBSS
:   tract-based spatial statistics
VBM
:   voxel-based morphometry" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Manara" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Salvalaggio" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Favaro" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="V. Palumbo" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="V. Citton" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Elefante" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Brunetti" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="F. Di Salle" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G. Bonanni" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.A. Sinisi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="for the Kallmann Syndrome Neuroradiological Study Group" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2014-09-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Brain Changes in Kallmann Syndrome" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Kallmann syndrome is a rare inherited disorder due to defective intrauterine migration of olfactory axons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, leading to rhinencephalon hypoplasia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Concomitant brain developmental abnormalities have been described. Our aim was to investigate Kallmann syndrome–related brain changes with conventional and novel quantitative MR imaging analyses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Forty-five male patients with Kallmann syndrome (mean age, 30.7 years; range, 9–55 years) and 23 age-matched male controls underwent brain MR imaging. The MR imaging study protocol included 3D-T1, FLAIR, and diffusion tensor imaging (32 noncollinear gradient-encoding directions; b-value = 800 s/mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Voxel-based morphometry, sulcation, curvature, and cortical thickness analyses and tract-based spatial statistics were performed by using Statistical Parametric Mapping 8, FreeSurfer, and the fMRI of the Brain Software Library.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Corpus callosum partial agenesis, multiple sclerosis–like white matter abnormalities, and acoustic schwannoma were found in 1 patient each. The total amount of gray and white matter volume and tract-based spatial statistics measures (fractional anisotropy and mean, radial, and axial diffusivity) did not differ between patients with Kallmann syndrome and controls. By specific analyses, patients with Kallmann syndrome presented with symmetric clusters of gray matter volume increase and decrease and white matter volume decrease close to the olfactory sulci; reduced sulcal depth of the olfactory sulci and deeper medial orbital-frontal sulci; lesser curvature of the olfactory sulcus and sharper curvature close to the medial orbital-frontal sulcus; and increased cortical thickness within the olfactory sulcus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This large MR imaging study on male patients with Kallmann syndrome featured significant morphologic and structural brain changes, likely driven by olfactory bulb hypo-/aplasia, selectively involving the basal forebrain cortex.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="R. Manara" />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="bIstituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico S. Camillo (R.M., V.C.), Venezia, Italy" />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="gDepartment of Neuroradiology (A.E., A.B.), Department of Scienze Biomediche Avanzate" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="F. Di Salle" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="aFrom the Department of Neuroradiology (R.M., F.D.S.), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="G. Bonanni" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="eUnità di Endocrinologia (G.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="A.A. Sinisi" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="fDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery (V.P., A.A.S.), Endocrinology and Medical Andrology Section, Second University of Napoli, Napoli, Italy" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="for the Kallmann Syndrome Neuroradiological Study Group" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Brain Changes in Kallmann Syndrome" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Kallmann syndrome is a rare inherited disorder due to defective intrauterine migration of olfactory axons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, leading to rhinencephalon hypoplasia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Concomitant brain developmental abnormalities have been described. Our aim was to investigate Kallmann syndrome–related brain changes with conventional and novel quantitative MR imaging analyses.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five male patients with Kallmann syndrome (mean age, 30.7 years; range, 9–55 years) and 23 age-matched male controls underwent brain MR imaging. The MR imaging study protocol included 3D-T1, FLAIR, and diffusion tensor imaging (32 noncollinear gradient-encoding directions; b-value = 800 s/mm2). Voxel-based morphometry, sulcation, curvature, and cortical thickness analyses and tract-based spatial statistics were performed by using Statistical Parametric Mapping 8, FreeSurfer, and the fMRI of the Brain Software Library.

RESULTS: Corpus callosum partial agenesis, multiple sclerosis–like white matter abnormalities, and acoustic schwannoma were found in 1 patient each. The total amount of gray and white matter volume and tract-based spatial statistics measures (fractional anisotropy and mean, radial, and axial diffusivity) did not differ between patients with Kallmann syndrome and controls. By specific analyses, patients with Kallmann syndrome presented with symmetric clusters of gray matter volume increase and decrease and white matter volume decrease close to the olfactory sulci; reduced sulcal depth of the olfactory sulci and deeper medial orbital-frontal sulci; lesser curvature of the olfactory sulcus and sharper curvature close to the medial orbital-frontal sulcus; and increased cortical thickness within the olfactory sulcus.

CONCLUSIONS: This large MR imaging study on male patients with Kallmann syndrome featured significant morphologic and structural brain changes, likely driven by olfactory bulb hypo-/aplasia, selectively involving the basal forebrain cortex.

KS
:   Kallmann syndrome
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
MNI
:   Montreal Neurological Institute
TBSS
:   tract-based spatial statistics
VBM
:   voxel-based morphometry" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Brain Changes in Kallmann Syndrome" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/35/9/1700" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Kallmann syndrome is a rare inherited disorder due to defective intrauterine migration of olfactory axons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, leading to rhinencephalon hypoplasia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Concomitant brain developmental abnormalities have been described. Our aim was to investigate Kallmann syndrome–related brain changes with conventional and novel quantitative MR imaging analyses.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five male patients with Kallmann syndrome (mean age, 30.7 years; range, 9–55 years) and 23 age-matched male controls underwent brain MR imaging. The MR imaging study protocol included 3D-T1, FLAIR, and diffusion tensor imaging (32 noncollinear gradient-encoding directions; b-value = 800 s/mm2). Voxel-based morphometry, sulcation, curvature, and cortical thickness analyses and tract-based spatial statistics were performed by using Statistical Parametric Mapping 8, FreeSurfer, and the fMRI of the Brain Software Library.

RESULTS: Corpus callosum partial agenesis, multiple sclerosis–like white matter abnormalities, and acoustic schwannoma were found in 1 patient each. The total amount of gray and white matter volume and tract-based spatial statistics measures (fractional anisotropy and mean, radial, and axial diffusivity) did not differ between patients with Kallmann syndrome and controls. By specific analyses, patients with Kallmann syndrome presented with symmetric clusters of gray matter volume increase and decrease and white matter volume decrease close to the olfactory sulci; reduced sulcal depth of the olfactory sulci and deeper medial orbital-frontal sulci; lesser curvature of the olfactory sulcus and sharper curvature close to the medial orbital-frontal sulcus; and increased cortical thickness within the olfactory sulcus.

CONCLUSIONS: This large MR imaging study on male patients with Kallmann syndrome featured significant morphologic and structural brain changes, likely driven by olfactory bulb hypo-/aplasia, selectively involving the basal forebrain cortex.

KS
:   Kallmann syndrome
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
MNI
:   Montreal Neurological Institute
TBSS
:   tract-based spatial statistics
VBM
:   voxel-based morphometry" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node13612" data-node-nid="13612" id="top-node-13612--2862989384" data-pisa="ajnr;35/9/1700" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A3946" data-apath="/ajnr/35/9/1700.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Brain</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Brain Changes in Kallmann Syndrome</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">R. Manara</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">A. Salvalaggio</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">A. Favaro</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">V. Palumbo</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">V. Citton</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">A. Elefante</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">A. Brunetti</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">F. Di Salle</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">G. Bonanni</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">A.A. Sinisi</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-collab" data-xlink-type="simple" data-hwp-id="collab-1">for the Kallmann Syndrome Neuroradiological Study Group</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">September 2014,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">35 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1700-1706; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3946 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-13612--2862989384" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R. Manara </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neuroradiology (R.M., F.D.S.), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico S. Camillo (R.M., V.C.), Venezia, Italy</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>h</span>ENT section (R.M., A.S.), Department of Neurosciences, “Federico II” University, Napoli, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.%2BManara%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Manara%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.%2BManara%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. Salvalaggio </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Departments of Neurology (A.S.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>h</span>ENT section (R.M., A.S.), Department of Neurosciences, “Federico II” University, Napoli, Italy.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.%2BSalvalaggio%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Salvalaggio%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.%2BSalvalaggio%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. Favaro </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Psychiatry (A.F.), Department of Neurosciences</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.%2BFavaro%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Favaro%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.%2BFavaro%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">V. Palumbo </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery (V.P., A.A.S.), Endocrinology and Medical Andrology Section, Second University of Napoli, Napoli, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=V.%2BPalumbo%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Palumbo%20V&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AV.%2BPalumbo%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">V. Citton </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico S. Camillo (R.M., V.C.), Venezia, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=V.%2BCitton%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Citton%20V&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AV.%2BCitton%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. Elefante </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>g</span>Department of Neuroradiology (A.E., A.B.), Department of Scienze Biomediche Avanzate</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.%2BElefante%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Elefante%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.%2BElefante%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. 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Di Salle </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neuroradiology (R.M., F.D.S.), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=F.%2BDi%2BSalle%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Di%20Salle%20F&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AF.%2BDi%2BSalle%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">G. 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 35</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 9 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Sep 2014 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Brain Changes in Kallmann Syndrome</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Manara</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Salvalaggio</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Favaro</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">V.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Palumbo</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">V.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Citton</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Elefante</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Brunetti</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Di Salle</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bonanni</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sinisi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-collab" data-xlink-type="simple" data-hwp-id="collab-1">for the Kallmann Syndrome Neuroradiological Study Group</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Sep 2014, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">35 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1700-1706; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A3946 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Manara</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Salvalaggio</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Favaro</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">V.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Palumbo</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">V.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Citton</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Elefante</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Brunetti</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Di Salle</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bonanni</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sinisi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-collab" data-xlink-type="simple" data-hwp-id="collab-1">for the Kallmann Syndrome Neuroradiological Study Group</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Sep 2014, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">35 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1700-1706; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A3946 </span></div>
  
  
  
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