Association between Venous Angioarchitectural Features of Sporadic Brain Arteriovenous Malformations and Intracranial Hemorrhage

Article Figures & Data

Table 1:

Summary statistics of AVM cases^{^a}

Characteristic	Hemorrhage on Noninvasive Imaging		Overall (n = 519)
Characteristic	Nonhemorrhagic (n = 293 [56%])	Hemorrhagic (n = 226 [44%])	Overall (n = 519)
Age at diagnosis (yr)	36.9 ± 17.2	33.5 ± 19.0	35.4 ± 18.0
Sex
Female	155 (53)	116 (51)	271 (52)
Male	138 (47)	110 (49)	248 (48)
White^{^b}
Yes	170 (58)	113 (50)	283 (55)
No	123 (42)	113 (50)	236 (45)
AVM side
Right	135 (46)	105 (46)	240 (46)
Left	146 (50)	105 (46)	251 (48)
Midline	12 (4)	16 (7)	28 (5)
Maximum dimension (cm)	3.28 ± 1.58	2.43 ± 1.55	2.92 ± 1.62
Venous drainage
Not exclusively deep	275 (94)	163 (72)	438 (84)
Exclusively deep	18 (6)	63 (28)	81 (16)
Venous stenosis
0%–24%	125 (43)	112 (50)	237 (46)
25%–49%	54 (18)	38 (17)	92 (18)
50%–74%	73 (25)	38 (17)	111 (21)
75%–99%	34 (12)	30 (13)	64 (12)
100% (occlusion)	7 (2)	8 (4)	15 (3)
Number of draining veins
Single	71 (24%)	123 (54%)	194 (37%)
Multiple	222 (76%)	103 (46%)	325 (63%)
Venous ectasia
Yes	170 (58)	76 (34)	246 (47)
No	123 (42)	150 (66)	273 (53)
Venous reflux
Yes	105 (36)	46 (20)	151 (29)
No	188 (64)	180 (80)	368 (71)

↵a Values are No. (%) or mean ± SD.
↵b Ethnicity is included as a variable, as other studies have shown statistically significant differences in the rates of AVM hemorrhage in individuals of different ethnic backgrounds.

Table 2:

Logistic regression analysis (intracranical hemorrhage on presentation as outcome)

Characteristic	Univariable (n = 519)			Multivariable (n = 519)
Characteristic	OR	95% CI	P Value	OR	95% CI	P Value
Age at diagnosis (decade)	0.90	(0.82–0.99)	.036	0.93	(0.84–1.04)	.212
AVM size (cm)	0.69	(0.61–0.79)	<.001	0.85	(0.74–0.98)	.025
Exclusively deep venous drainage	5.90	(3.38–10.32)	<.001	3.42	(1.87–6.26)	<.001
Single draining vein	3.73	(2.57–5.43)	<.001	1.98	(1.26–3.08)	.002
Venous ectasia	0.37	(0.26–0.53)	<.001	0.52	(0.34–0.78)	.002
Venous reflux	0.46	(0.31–0.68)	<.001	0.94	(0.59–1.49)	.798
Female sex	0.94	(0.66–1.33)	.722	–	–	–
White^{^a}	0.72	(0.51–1.03)	.069	–	–	–
AVM side^{^b}
Left	0.92	(0.65–1.32)	.668	–	–	–
Middle	1.71	(0.78–3.78)	.182	–	–	–
Venous stenosis^{^c}	0.94	(0.81–1.09)	.436	–	–	–

Note:— – indicates variables that did not show significance on univariable analysis and were not subjected to multivariable analysis.
↵a Ethnicity is included as a variable, as other studies have shown statistically significant differences in the rates of AVM hemorrhage in individuals of different ethnic backgrounds.
↵b Right side considered baseline; test results comparing either left or right to middle were not significant (P = .140).
↵c Tested using ordinal 5-point scale.