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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Microstructure of the Default Mode Network in Preterm Infants" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A4997" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2017-02-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2017 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusion and fMRI has been providing insights to brain development in addition to anatomic imaging. This study aimed to evaluate the microstructure of white matter tracts underlying the default mode network in premature infants by using resting-state functional MR imaging in conjunction with diffusion tensor imaging–based tractography.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of 44 preterm infants underwent structural T1-weighted imaging, resting-state fMRI, and DTI at 3T, including 21 infants with brain injuries and 23 infants with normal-appearing structural imaging as controls. Neurodevelopment was evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 12 months' adjusted age. Probabilistic independent component analysis was applied to resting-state fMRI data to explore resting-state networks. The localized clusters of the default mode network were used as seeding for probabilistic tractography. The DTI metrics (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity) of the reconstructed primary tracts within the default mode network–cingula were measured.

RESULTS: Results revealed decreased fractional anisotropy (0.20 ± 0.03) and elevated radial diffusivity values (1.24 ± 0.16) of the cingula in the preterm infants with brain injuries compared with controls (fractional anisotropy, 0.25 ± 0.03; P &lt; .001; radial diffusivity, 1.06 ± 0.16; P = .001). The Bayley Scales of Infant Development cognitive scores were significantly associated with cingulate fractional anisotropy ( P = .004) and radial diffusivity ( P = .021); this association suggests that the microstructural properties of interconnecting axonal pathways within the default mode network are of critical importance in the early neurocognitive development of infants.

CONCLUSIONS: This study of combined resting-state fMRI and DTI at rest suggests that such studies may allow the investigation of key functional brain circuits in premature infants, which could function not only as diagnostic tools but also as biomarkers for long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.

AD
:   axial diffusivity
BI
:   brain injuries
BSID-III
:   Bayley Scales of Infant Development
DMN
:   default mode network
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
GA
:   gestational age
IVH
:   intraventricular hemorrhage
MD
:   mean diffusivity
RD
:   radial diffusivity
RSNs
:   resting-state networks
WMI
:   white matter injury" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Cui" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="O. Tymofiyeva" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Desikan" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="T. Flynn" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="H. Kim" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D. Gano" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C.P. Hess" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D.M. Ferriero" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.J. Barkovich" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D. Xu" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2017-02-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="FUNCTIONAL" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Microstructure of the Default Mode Network in Preterm Infants" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Diffusion and fMRI has been providing insights to brain development in addition to anatomic imaging. This study aimed to evaluate the microstructure of white matter tracts underlying the default mode network in premature infants by using resting-state functional MR imaging in conjunction with diffusion tensor imaging–based tractography.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A cohort of 44 preterm infants underwent structural T1-weighted imaging, resting-state fMRI, and DTI at 3T, including 21 infants with brain injuries and 23 infants with normal-appearing structural imaging as controls. Neurodevelopment was evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 12 months9 adjusted age. Probabilistic independent component analysis was applied to resting-state fMRI data to explore resting-state networks. The localized clusters of the default mode network were used as seeding for probabilistic tractography. The DTI metrics (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity) of the reconstructed primary tracts within the default mode network–cingula were measured.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Results revealed decreased fractional anisotropy (0.20 ± 0.03) and elevated radial diffusivity values (1.24 ± 0.16) of the cingula in the preterm infants with brain injuries compared with controls (fractional anisotropy, 0.25 ± 0.03; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001; radial diffusivity, 1.06 ± 0.16; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .001). The Bayley Scales of Infant Development cognitive scores were significantly associated with cingulate fractional anisotropy (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .004) and radial diffusivity (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .021); this association suggests that the microstructural properties of interconnecting axonal pathways within the default mode network are of critical importance in the early neurocognitive development of infants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This study of combined resting-state fMRI and DTI at rest suggests that such studies may allow the investigation of key functional brain circuits in premature infants, which could function not only as diagnostic tools but also as biomarkers for long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Microstructure of the Default Mode Network in Preterm Infants" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusion and fMRI has been providing insights to brain development in addition to anatomic imaging. This study aimed to evaluate the microstructure of white matter tracts underlying the default mode network in premature infants by using resting-state functional MR imaging in conjunction with diffusion tensor imaging–based tractography.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of 44 preterm infants underwent structural T1-weighted imaging, resting-state fMRI, and DTI at 3T, including 21 infants with brain injuries and 23 infants with normal-appearing structural imaging as controls. Neurodevelopment was evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 12 months' adjusted age. Probabilistic independent component analysis was applied to resting-state fMRI data to explore resting-state networks. The localized clusters of the default mode network were used as seeding for probabilistic tractography. The DTI metrics (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity) of the reconstructed primary tracts within the default mode network–cingula were measured.

RESULTS: Results revealed decreased fractional anisotropy (0.20 ± 0.03) and elevated radial diffusivity values (1.24 ± 0.16) of the cingula in the preterm infants with brain injuries compared with controls (fractional anisotropy, 0.25 ± 0.03; P &lt; .001; radial diffusivity, 1.06 ± 0.16; P = .001). The Bayley Scales of Infant Development cognitive scores were significantly associated with cingulate fractional anisotropy ( P = .004) and radial diffusivity ( P = .021); this association suggests that the microstructural properties of interconnecting axonal pathways within the default mode network are of critical importance in the early neurocognitive development of infants.

CONCLUSIONS: This study of combined resting-state fMRI and DTI at rest suggests that such studies may allow the investigation of key functional brain circuits in premature infants, which could function not only as diagnostic tools but also as biomarkers for long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.

AD
:   axial diffusivity
BI
:   brain injuries
BSID-III
:   Bayley Scales of Infant Development
DMN
:   default mode network
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
GA
:   gestational age
IVH
:   intraventricular hemorrhage
MD
:   mean diffusivity
RD
:   radial diffusivity
RSNs
:   resting-state networks
WMI
:   white matter injury" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Microstructure of the Default Mode Network in Preterm Infants" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/38/2/343" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusion and fMRI has been providing insights to brain development in addition to anatomic imaging. This study aimed to evaluate the microstructure of white matter tracts underlying the default mode network in premature infants by using resting-state functional MR imaging in conjunction with diffusion tensor imaging–based tractography.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of 44 preterm infants underwent structural T1-weighted imaging, resting-state fMRI, and DTI at 3T, including 21 infants with brain injuries and 23 infants with normal-appearing structural imaging as controls. Neurodevelopment was evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 12 months' adjusted age. Probabilistic independent component analysis was applied to resting-state fMRI data to explore resting-state networks. The localized clusters of the default mode network were used as seeding for probabilistic tractography. The DTI metrics (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity) of the reconstructed primary tracts within the default mode network–cingula were measured.

RESULTS: Results revealed decreased fractional anisotropy (0.20 ± 0.03) and elevated radial diffusivity values (1.24 ± 0.16) of the cingula in the preterm infants with brain injuries compared with controls (fractional anisotropy, 0.25 ± 0.03; P &lt; .001; radial diffusivity, 1.06 ± 0.16; P = .001). The Bayley Scales of Infant Development cognitive scores were significantly associated with cingulate fractional anisotropy ( P = .004) and radial diffusivity ( P = .021); this association suggests that the microstructural properties of interconnecting axonal pathways within the default mode network are of critical importance in the early neurocognitive development of infants.

CONCLUSIONS: This study of combined resting-state fMRI and DTI at rest suggests that such studies may allow the investigation of key functional brain circuits in premature infants, which could function not only as diagnostic tools but also as biomarkers for long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.

AD
:   axial diffusivity
BI
:   brain injuries
BSID-III
:   Bayley Scales of Infant Development
DMN
:   default mode network
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
GA
:   gestational age
IVH
:   intraventricular hemorrhage
MD
:   mean diffusivity
RD
:   radial diffusivity
RSNs
:   resting-state networks
WMI
:   white matter injury" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node14620--5" data-node-nid="14620" id="top-node-14620--62143231543" data-pisa="ajnr;38/2/343" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A4997" data-apath="/ajnr/38/2/343.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">FUNCTIONAL</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Microstructure of the Default Mode Network in Preterm Infants</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">J. Cui</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">O. Tymofiyeva</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">R. Desikan</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">T. Flynn</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">H. Kim</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">D. Gano</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">C.P. Hess</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">D.M. Ferriero</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">A.J. Barkovich</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">D. Xu</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">February 2017,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">38 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(2) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">343-348; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4997 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-14620--62143231543" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Cui </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BCui%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cui%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BCui%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2492-5887" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J. Cui</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">O. Tymofiyeva </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=O.%2BTymofiyeva%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Tymofiyeva%20O&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AO.%2BTymofiyeva%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2589-1041" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for O. Tymofiyeva</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R. Desikan </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.%2BDesikan%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Desikan%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.%2BDesikan%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4151-6017" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R. Desikan</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">T. Flynn </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=T.%2BFlynn%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Flynn%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AT.%2BFlynn%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5532-4027" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for T. Flynn</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">H. Kim </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=H.%2BKim%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kim%20H&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AH.%2BKim%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2269-8644" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for H. Kim</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D. Gano </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Pediatrics and Neurology (D.G., D.M.F.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.%2BGano%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gano%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.%2BGano%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4192-2362" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D. Gano</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C.P. Hess </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.P.%2BHess%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hess%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.P.%2BHess%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5132-5302" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C.P. Hess</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D.M. Ferriero </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Pediatrics and Neurology (D.G., D.M.F.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.M.%2BFerriero%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ferriero%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.M.%2BFerriero%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0560-9045" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D.M. 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Barkovich </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.J.%2BBarkovich%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Barkovich%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.J.%2BBarkovich%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4291-7346" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A.J. Barkovich</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D. Xu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (J.C., O.T., R.D., T.F., H.K., C.P.H., A.J.B., D.X.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.%2BXu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Xu%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.%2BXu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0550-4235" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D. 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2 class="">References</h2><ol class="cit-list ref-use-labels"><li><span class="ref-label">1.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1. in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-38.2.343.1" data-doi="10.1007/s00247-011-2239-4"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 38</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 2 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Feb 2017 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Microstructure of the Default Mode Network in Preterm Infants</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cui</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">O.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Tymofiyeva</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Desikan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">T.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Flynn</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">H.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kim</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gano</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hess</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ferriero</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Barkovich</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Xu</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Feb 2017, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">38 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(2) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">343-348; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A4997 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Microstructure of the Default Mode Network in Preterm Infants</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cui</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">O.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Tymofiyeva</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Desikan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">T.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Flynn</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">H.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kim</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gano</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hess</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ferriero</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Barkovich</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Xu</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Feb 2017, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">38 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(2) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">343-348; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A4997 </span></div>
  
  
  
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