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<meta name="HW.identifier" content="/ajnr/38/3/515.atom" />
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<meta name="DC.Language" content="en" />
<meta name="DC.Title" content="In Vivo Assessment of the Impact of Regional Intracranial Atherosclerotic Lesions on Brain Arterial 3D Hemodynamics" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A5051" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2017-03-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2017 by American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="restricted" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracranial atherosclerosis induces hemodynamic disturbance, which is not well-characterized, particularly in cerebral flow redistribution. We aimed to characterize the impact of regional stenotic lesions on intracranial hemodynamics by using 4D flow MR imaging.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: 4D flow MR imaging was performed in 22 symptomatic patients (mean age, 68.4 ± 14.2 years) with intracranial stenosis (ICA, n = 7; MCA, n = 9; basilar artery, n = 6) and 10 age-appropriate healthy volunteers (mean age, 60.7 ± 8.1 years). 3D blood flow patterns were visualized by using time-integrated pathlines. Blood flow and peak velocity asymmetry indices were compared between patients and healthy volunteers in 4 prespecified arteries: ICAs, MCAs, and anterior/posterior cerebral arteries.

RESULTS: 3D blood flow pathlines demonstrated flow redistribution across cerebral arteries in patients with unilateral intracranial stenosis. For patients with ICA stenosis compared with healthy volunteers, significantly lower flow and peak velocities were identified in the ipsilateral ICA ( P = .001 and P = .001) and MCA ( P &lt; .001 and P = .001), but higher flow, in the ipsilateral PCA ( P &lt; .001). For patients with MCA stenosis, significantly lower flow and peak velocities were observed in the ipsilateral ICA ( P = .009 and P = .045) and MCA ( P &lt; .001 and P = .005), but significantly higher flow was found in the ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery ( P = .014) and anterior cerebral artery ( P = .006). The asymmetry indices were not significantly different between patients with basilar artery stenosis and the healthy volunteers.

CONCLUSIONS: Regional intracranial atherosclerotic lesions not only alter distal arterial flow but also significantly affect ipsilateral collateral arterial hemodynamics.

ACA
:   anterior cerebral artery
AI-F
:   flow rate asymmetry index
AI-V
:   peak velocity asymmetry index
BA
:   basilar artery
ICAD
:   intracranial atherosclerotic disease
PCA
:   posterior cerebral artery
PC-MRA
:   phase-contrast MR angiogram
VENC
:   velocity encoding" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C. Wu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Schnell" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P. Vakil" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.R. Honarmand" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.A. Ansari" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Carr" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Markl" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Prabhakaran" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2017-03-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="ADULT BRAIN" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="In Vivo Assessment of the Impact of Regional Intracranial Atherosclerotic Lesions on Brain Arterial 3D Hemodynamics" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Intracranial atherosclerosis induces hemodynamic disturbance, which is not well-characterized, particularly in cerebral flow redistribution. We aimed to characterize the impact of regional stenotic lesions on intracranial hemodynamics by using 4D flow MR imaging.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;4D flow MR imaging was performed in 22 symptomatic patients (mean age, 68.4 ± 14.2 years) with intracranial stenosis (ICA, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 7; MCA, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 9; basilar artery, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 6) and 10 age-appropriate healthy volunteers (mean age, 60.7 ± 8.1 years). 3D blood flow patterns were visualized by using time-integrated pathlines. Blood flow and peak velocity asymmetry indices were compared between patients and healthy volunteers in 4 prespecified arteries: ICAs, MCAs, and anterior/posterior cerebral arteries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3D blood flow pathlines demonstrated flow redistribution across cerebral arteries in patients with unilateral intracranial stenosis. For patients with ICA stenosis compared with healthy volunteers, significantly lower flow and peak velocities were identified in the ipsilateral ICA (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .001 and &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .001) and MCA (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001 and &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .001), but higher flow, in the ipsilateral PCA (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001). For patients with MCA stenosis, significantly lower flow and peak velocities were observed in the ipsilateral ICA (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .009 and &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .045) and MCA (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001 and &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .005), but significantly higher flow was found in the ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .014) and anterior cerebral artery (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .006). The asymmetry indices were not significantly different between patients with basilar artery stenosis and the healthy volunteers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Regional intracranial atherosclerotic lesions not only alter distal arterial flow but also significantly affect ipsilateral collateral arterial hemodynamics.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="In Vivo Assessment of the Impact of Regional Intracranial Atherosclerotic Lesions on Brain Arterial 3D Hemodynamics" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracranial atherosclerosis induces hemodynamic disturbance, which is not well-characterized, particularly in cerebral flow redistribution. We aimed to characterize the impact of regional stenotic lesions on intracranial hemodynamics by using 4D flow MR imaging.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: 4D flow MR imaging was performed in 22 symptomatic patients (mean age, 68.4 ± 14.2 years) with intracranial stenosis (ICA, n = 7; MCA, n = 9; basilar artery, n = 6) and 10 age-appropriate healthy volunteers (mean age, 60.7 ± 8.1 years). 3D blood flow patterns were visualized by using time-integrated pathlines. Blood flow and peak velocity asymmetry indices were compared between patients and healthy volunteers in 4 prespecified arteries: ICAs, MCAs, and anterior/posterior cerebral arteries.

RESULTS: 3D blood flow pathlines demonstrated flow redistribution across cerebral arteries in patients with unilateral intracranial stenosis. For patients with ICA stenosis compared with healthy volunteers, significantly lower flow and peak velocities were identified in the ipsilateral ICA ( P = .001 and P = .001) and MCA ( P &lt; .001 and P = .001), but higher flow, in the ipsilateral PCA ( P &lt; .001). For patients with MCA stenosis, significantly lower flow and peak velocities were observed in the ipsilateral ICA ( P = .009 and P = .045) and MCA ( P &lt; .001 and P = .005), but significantly higher flow was found in the ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery ( P = .014) and anterior cerebral artery ( P = .006). The asymmetry indices were not significantly different between patients with basilar artery stenosis and the healthy volunteers.

CONCLUSIONS: Regional intracranial atherosclerotic lesions not only alter distal arterial flow but also significantly affect ipsilateral collateral arterial hemodynamics.

ACA
:   anterior cerebral artery
AI-F
:   flow rate asymmetry index
AI-V
:   peak velocity asymmetry index
BA
:   basilar artery
ICAD
:   intracranial atherosclerotic disease
PCA
:   posterior cerebral artery
PC-MRA
:   phase-contrast MR angiogram
VENC
:   velocity encoding" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="In Vivo Assessment of the Impact of Regional Intracranial Atherosclerotic Lesions on Brain Arterial 3D Hemodynamics" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/38/3/515" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracranial atherosclerosis induces hemodynamic disturbance, which is not well-characterized, particularly in cerebral flow redistribution. We aimed to characterize the impact of regional stenotic lesions on intracranial hemodynamics by using 4D flow MR imaging.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: 4D flow MR imaging was performed in 22 symptomatic patients (mean age, 68.4 ± 14.2 years) with intracranial stenosis (ICA, n = 7; MCA, n = 9; basilar artery, n = 6) and 10 age-appropriate healthy volunteers (mean age, 60.7 ± 8.1 years). 3D blood flow patterns were visualized by using time-integrated pathlines. Blood flow and peak velocity asymmetry indices were compared between patients and healthy volunteers in 4 prespecified arteries: ICAs, MCAs, and anterior/posterior cerebral arteries.

RESULTS: 3D blood flow pathlines demonstrated flow redistribution across cerebral arteries in patients with unilateral intracranial stenosis. For patients with ICA stenosis compared with healthy volunteers, significantly lower flow and peak velocities were identified in the ipsilateral ICA ( P = .001 and P = .001) and MCA ( P &lt; .001 and P = .001), but higher flow, in the ipsilateral PCA ( P &lt; .001). For patients with MCA stenosis, significantly lower flow and peak velocities were observed in the ipsilateral ICA ( P = .009 and P = .045) and MCA ( P &lt; .001 and P = .005), but significantly higher flow was found in the ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery ( P = .014) and anterior cerebral artery ( P = .006). The asymmetry indices were not significantly different between patients with basilar artery stenosis and the healthy volunteers.

CONCLUSIONS: Regional intracranial atherosclerotic lesions not only alter distal arterial flow but also significantly affect ipsilateral collateral arterial hemodynamics.

ACA
:   anterior cerebral artery
AI-F
:   flow rate asymmetry index
AI-V
:   peak velocity asymmetry index
BA
:   basilar artery
ICAD
:   intracranial atherosclerotic disease
PCA
:   posterior cerebral artery
PC-MRA
:   phase-contrast MR angiogram
VENC
:   velocity encoding" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node14685--5" data-node-nid="14685" id="top-node-14685--6794574998" data-pisa="ajnr;38/3/515" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A5051" data-apath="/ajnr/38/3/515.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">ADULT BRAIN</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access highwire-citation-access-check" data-pisa-id="ajnr;ajnr.A5051" data-atom-uri="/ajnr/38/3/515.atom" data-request-view="full"></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">In Vivo Assessment of the Impact of Regional Intracranial Atherosclerotic Lesions on Brain Arterial 3D Hemodynamics</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">C. Wu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">S. Schnell</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">P. Vakil</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">A.R. Honarmand</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">S.A. Ansari</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">J. Carr</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">M. Markl</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">S. Prabhakaran</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">March 2017,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">38 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">515-522; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5051 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-14685--6794574998" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C. Wu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.W., M.M.), McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Departments of Radiology (C.W., S.S., P.V., A.R.H., S.A.A., J.C., M.M.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Philips Healthcare (C.W.), Gainesville, Florida.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.%2BWu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wu%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.%2BWu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1171-4546" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C. Wu</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Schnell </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Departments of Radiology (C.W., S.S., P.V., A.R.H., S.A.A., J.C., M.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BSchnell%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Schnell%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BSchnell%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6009-4756" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Schnell</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">P. Vakil </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Departments of Radiology (C.W., S.S., P.V., A.R.H., S.A.A., J.C., M.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=P.%2BVakil%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Vakil%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AP.%2BVakil%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3862-2185" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for P. Vakil</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.R. Honarmand </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Departments of Radiology (C.W., S.S., P.V., A.R.H., S.A.A., J.C., M.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.R.%2BHonarmand%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Honarmand%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.R.%2BHonarmand%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7491-381X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A.R. Honarmand</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.A. Ansari </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Departments of Radiology (C.W., S.S., P.V., A.R.H., S.A.A., J.C., M.M.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Neurological Surgery (S.A.A.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.A.%2BAnsari%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ansari%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.A.%2BAnsari%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8176-4616" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.A. Ansari</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Carr </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Departments of Radiology (C.W., S.S., P.V., A.R.H., S.A.A., J.C., M.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BCarr%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Carr%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BCarr%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6549-4863" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J. Carr</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Markl </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.W., M.M.), McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Departments of Radiology (C.W., S.S., P.V., A.R.H., S.A.A., J.C., M.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BMarkl%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Markl%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BMarkl%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7686-1128" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Markl</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Prabhakaran </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Neurology (S.P.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BPrabhakaran%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Prabhakaran%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BPrabhakaran%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0724-1694" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Prabhakaran</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2 class="">References</h2><ol class="cit-list ref-use-labels"><li><span class="ref-label">1.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1. in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-38.3.515.1" data-doi="10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.597278"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
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</li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Petersson</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Dyverfeldt</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">P</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Sigfridsson</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Quantification of turbulence and velocity in stenotic flow using spiral three-dimensional phase-contrast MRI</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Magn Reson Med</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">75</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1249</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">55</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.1002/mrm.25698</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>25846511</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1002/mrm.25698&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=25846511&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F38%2F3%2F515.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li></ol></div></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 38</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 3 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Mar 2017 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">In Vivo Assessment of the Impact of Regional Intracranial Atherosclerotic Lesions on Brain Arterial 3D Hemodynamics</div>  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Mar 2017, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">38 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">515-522; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A5051 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">In Vivo Assessment of the Impact of Regional Intracranial Atherosclerotic Lesions on Brain Arterial 3D Hemodynamics</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Schnell</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Vakil</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Honarmand</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ansari</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Carr</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Markl</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Prabhakaran</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Mar 2017, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">38 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">515-522; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A5051 </span></div>
  
  
  
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