Ipsilateral Prominent Thalamostriate Vein on Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging Predicts Poor Outcome after Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke

X. Zhang; S. Zhang; Q. Chen; W. Ding; B.C.V. Campbell; M. Lou

doi:10.3174/ajnr.A5135

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The impact of deep cerebral veins on neurologic outcome after intravenous thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke is unclear. We investigated the relationship between the appearance of deep cerebral veins on susceptibility-weighted imaging and neurologic outcome in patients who underwent thrombolysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 109 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke who had pretreatment SWI and received intravenous thrombolysis within 6 hours. We calculated the signal difference ratio (defined as the relative difference in signal intensity between the ipsilateral and contralateral veins) of the thalamostriate vein, septal vein, and internal cerebral vein on pretreatment SWI.

RESULTS: Only the signal difference ratio of the thalamostriate vein was significantly associated with poor outcome (3-month modified Rankin Scale score > 2, P = .008). The optimal threshold was relative hypointensity of the ipsilateral vein of >4.8% (sensitivity of 53.7% and specificity of 80.9%). We defined a signal difference ratio of the thalamostriate vein of ≥5% as an ipsilateral prominent thalamostriate vein. Patients with an ipsilateral prominent thalamostriate vein were more likely to have poor outcome (OR = 3.66; 95% CI, 1.25–10.68; P = .02) and a lower rate of successful reperfusion (reperfusion rate of ≥70%; OR = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.13–0.92; P = .03), compared with those without an ipsilateral prominent thalamostriate vein. However, patients with an ipsilateral prominent thalamostriate vein were still less likely to experience poor outcome when reperfusion was achieved compared with when reperfusion did not occur (80.0% versus 44.4%, P = .04).

CONCLUSIONS: A pretreatment ipsilateral prominent thalamostriate vein was associated with reduced reperfusion after thrombolysis and poor outcome. More intensive reperfusion approaches may be required for patients with an ipsilateral prominent thalamostriate vein.

ABBREVIATIONS:

AIS: acute ischemic stroke
ICV: internal cerebral vein
IPTSV: ipsilateral prominent TSV
IVT: intravenous thrombolysis
SDR: signal difference ratio
SV: septal vein
TSV: thalamostriate vein

Venous changes in the affected hemisphere after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) may play a crucial role in determining clinical outcome.^1⇓–3 Susceptibility-weighted imaging is useful for evaluating cerebral veins in AIS because it is extremely sensitive to paramagnetic substances such as deoxyhemoglobin, thus reflecting the oxygen extraction fraction and the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen of the hypoxic tissue.^1⇓⇓–4 Shortly after vascular occlusion, the uncoupling between oxygen supply and demand in the hypoperfused region leads to an elevated oxygen extraction fraction and subsequent increased level of deoxyhemoglobin in the vessel, which contributes to prominent hypointensity of the draining veins on SWI.^5⇓–7

Asymmetric cortical veins, which can be visualized on SWI after AIS and are considered an indicator of salvageable ischemic penumbra, were found to be associated with 3-month outcome.^4,8 However, it was difficult to differentiate cortical veins from leptomeningeal collaterals because there were no obvious morphologic differences between them.⁹ Additionally, the anatomic variability of cortical veins also contributes to reduced interrater agreement when assessing the cortical veins. In contrast to cortical veins, leptomeningeal collaterals do not interfere with the assessment of deep cerebral veins, and anatomic variation in deep veins is less prevalent.

On the basis of SWI, it was demonstrated that prominent hypointense cortical veins and medullary veins predicted infarct growth and poor outcome after AIS.² However, most of the included patients did not undergo revascularization therapy, and salvage of potentially penumbral regions was therefore unlikely. The imaging was also acquired up to 72 hours after AIS, which limits its applicability to hyperacute treatment decision-making. Furthermore, hypointense veins were only associated with prognosis in patients with large-vessel occlusion after AIS. Actually, slight perfusion abnormalities could even cause signal changes in the internal cerebral vein (ICV) and thalamostriate vein (TSV) on SWI.¹⁰

Therefore, we developed a quantitative method to assess signal asymmetry in the major deep cerebral veins, including the ICA, TSV, and septal vein (SV), and hypothesized that this could sensitively reflect cerebral metabolic changes in hypoxic brain tissue after AIS and may be associated with clinical outcome after intravenous thrombolysis (IVT).

Materials and Methods

Ethics Statement

The protocol of MR imaging–guided intravenous thrombolysis has been approved by our local human ethics committee. All clinical investigations were conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained for all patients.

Patient Selection

We retrospectively reviewed our consecutive patients with AIS who received intravenous alteplase (0.9 mg/kg, up to a maximum of 90 mg; 10% of the total dosage as a bolus and the rest infused for 1 hour) between June 2009 and July 2015. We then included patients under the following circumstances: 1) They received IVT within 6 hours of symptom onset; 2) underwent pretreatment multimodal MR imaging, including SWI, diffusion-weighted imaging, and perfusion-weighted imaging; 3) had hypoperfusion (time-to-maximum of >6 seconds) in the supratentorial brain; and 4) underwent follow-up DWI or NCCT at 24 hours after IVT. Patients were excluded for the following reasons: 1) Their prestroke modified Rankin Scale score was ≥2; 2) their MR imaging was degraded due to motion artifacts; or 3) there were bilateral perfusion lesions.

Imaging Acquisition

Multimodal MR imaging was performed on a 3T system (Signa Excite HD; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) equipped with an 8-channel phased array head coil. Foam pads were inserted into the space between the subject's head and the MR imaging head coil to minimize head motion. The MR imaging protocol included axial isotropic diffusion-weighted imaging (TR = 4000 ms; TE = 69.3 ms; b-value = 1000 s/mm²; FOV = 240 mm; section thickness = 5 mm; section gap = 1 mm; acquisition matrix = 160 × 160; acquisition duration = 32 seconds); TOF-MRA (TR = 20 ms; TE = 3.2 ms; flip angle = 15°; acquisition matrix = 320 × 224; section thickness = 1.4 mm; 3 slabs, acquisition duration = 3 minutes 46 seconds); SWI (TE = 4.5 ms [first echo]; interecho spacing = 4.5 ms; TR = 58 ms; FOV = 24 × 24 cm²; matrix size = 256 × 256; flip angle = 20°; section thickness = 2.0 mm with no gap between sections; acquisition duration = 3 minutes 27 seconds); and perfusion-weighted imaging (FOV = 240 mm; 50 repetitions with TR = 1500 ms; TE = 30 ms; acquisition matrix = 128 × 128; section thickness = 5 mm; section gap = 1 mm, gadolinium dose = 15 mL; flow rate = 4–5 mL/s; acquisition duration = 1 minute 15 seconds). The entire duration of the MR imaging protocol was 15 minutes.

Imaging Analysis

Assessment of Deep Veins on Pretreatment SWI.

To assess venous structures, we reconstructed SWI in a minimum intensity projection of 20-mm thickness with OsiriX Imaging Software (http://www.osirix-viewer.com) (Fig 1A). As indicated in Fig 1B–D, the mean signal-intensity value of ICV, TSV, and SV was measured by drawing a line (1 pixel in width) along the center of each vein. After obtaining the contralateral mean signal-intensity value (S_co-v) and ipsilateral mean signal-intensity value (S_ip-v) of each vein, we calculated the signal difference ratio (SDR) by using the following equation:

Fig 1.

Veins selected for analysis on reconstructed susceptibility-weighted imaging. A, Reconstructed imaging in a minimum intensity projection of 20-mm thickness. Septal vein (B), thalamostriate vein (C), and internal cerebral vein (D). Red indicates the ROI.

Two stroke fellows (S.Z. and X.Z.) who were blinded to other imaging and clinical data independently assessed the SDR of SV, TSV, and ICV. Cases with differences of >3% for SDR were reassessed by a neuroimaging physician (W.D.). The average value of the 2 SDRs was used.

Radiologic and Clinical Assessment

Diffusion lesion volume was calculated by applying a signal-intensity threshold of the apparent diffusion coefficient of <600 to pretreatment and 24-hour follow-up DWI.¹¹ For patients with CT follow-up, the area of hypoattenuation was manually outlined. Volumetric analysis was performed by using the commercial software MIStar (Apollo Medical Imaging Technology, Melbourne, Australia). Hypoperfusion was defined as time-to-maximum of >6 seconds. Reperfusion was assessed in patients with a baseline hypoperfusion volume of >10 mL. Successful reperfusion was defined as ≥70% reduction in hypoperfusion volume between pretreatment and 24-hour perfusion imaging.¹² The proportion of penumbral tissue loss was defined as described previously: 100 × (Posttreatment Infarct Volume − Pretreatment Infarct Volume)/(Pretreatment Hypoperfusion Volume − Pretreatment Infarct Volume).¹³

Large-artery occlusion was defined as occlusion of the internal carotid, proximal middle cerebral (M1), or proximal posterior cerebral (P1) artery. The modified Rankin Scale score was assessed at 3 months and dichotomized into good (0–2) and poor (3–6) outcomes.

Statistical Analysis

All metric and normally distributed variables were reported as mean ± SD; non-normally distributed variables, as median (25th–75th percentile). Categoric variables were presented as frequency (percentage). The Fisher exact test was used to compare dichotomous variables between groups; the t test, for normally distributed continuous variables; the Mann-Whitney U test, for non-normally distributed continuous variables; and the Pearson χ2 test, for categoric data. The Benjamini-Hochberg correction was used to control the false discovery rate of multiple comparisons. The interrater reliability was assessed by use of the intraclass correlation coefficient. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze the association of SDR in each vein with outcomes. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed, and the optimal threshold for deep vein asymmetry was determined by using the Youden index. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the relationship between the asymmetry of deep veins and the proportion of penumbral loss. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate whether asymmetry of the deep veins was independently associated with clinical outcome. Results are reported as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. A P value < .05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were conducted by using SPSS, Version 19.0 (IBM, Armonk, New York).

Results

Patient Characteristics

A total of 109 patients was included in the final analysis. The mean age was 68 ± 13 years with 40 (36.7%) women. The mean pretreatment NIHSS score was 7 (interquartile range, 4–14), the median time from onset to MR imaging was 193 minutes (interquartile range, 144–245 minutes), and the median time from onset to treatment was 230 minutes (interquartile range, 180–283 minutes). At 3-month follow-up, 41 (37.6%) had poor outcomes.

Deep Cerebral Veins and Outcome

Interrater agreement was excellent for the SDR of the SV (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.82), TSV (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.88), and ICV (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.90). The SDR of the TSV was correlated with poor outcome (ρ = 0.25, P = .008), but there was no correlation for the SV (ρ = 0.04, P = .73) or ICV (ρ = 0.07, P = .47). Patients with poor outcome had a higher SDR of the TSV (median, 4.5%, versus 0.7%; Z = −2.61, P = .009) (Table 1). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the SDR of the TSV was associated with poor outcome (area under the curve = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.54–0.76; P = .009), with the optimal threshold of 4.8% for identifying poor outcome (sensitivity of 53.7% and specificity of 80.9%, Youden index = 0.35).

View this table:

Table 1:

Univariate comparison between patients with good and poor outcomes^{^a}

Ipsilateral Prominent Thalamostriate Vein and Outcome

On the basis of the cutoff of 4.8%, we then defined ipsilateral prominent TSV (IPTSV) as an SDR of the TSV of ≥5% and dichotomized patients into IPTSV and non-IPTSV groups. As seen in Table 2, univariate analysis showed that patients with IPTSV had a higher rate of large-artery occlusion (74.3% versus 45.9%, P = .007), higher baseline NIHSS scores (median, 13 versus 7; P = .004), and longer onset-to-needle time (266.9 ± 68.6 minutes versus 229.0 ± 73.8 minutes, P = .01), compared with those with non-IPTSV. Baseline hypoperfusion volume was independently associated with the presence of IPTSV (OR = 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00–1.02; P = .02) after adjusting for large-artery occlusion, NIHSS score, and onset-to-needle time.

View this table:

Table 2:

Characteristics of patients with and without the IPTSV sign^{^a}

Patients with IPTSV had significantly higher rates of poor outcome than those with non-IPTSV (62.9% versus 25.7%), which remained significant in multivariate regression, which included age, NIHSS score, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, large-artery occlusion status, and baseline hypoperfusion volume (OR = 3.66; 95% CI, 1.25–10.68; P = .02) (Table 3 and Fig 2). The presence of IPTSV was associated with a high proportion of penumbral tissue loss (32.6% versus 4.5%, P = .004).

View this table:

Table 3:

Multivariate regression analysis for poor outcome

Fig 2.

Outcome in patients with and without an ipsilaterally prominent thalamostriate vein. Two illustrative cases: a 55-year old female patient with left-sided thromboembolic occlusion of the M1 segment (1B) and IPTSV (1A, arrow) who developed major infarct growth between pretreatment (1C) and 24-hour postthrombolysis imaging (1D). The 3-month modified Rankin Scale score was 5. A 54-year old male patient with left-sided thromboembolic occlusion of the M1-segment (2B) without IPTSV (2A) who had similar pretreatment diffusion lesion volume (2C) but less infarct growth at 24 hours (2D). The 3-month mRS was 1.

Relationship between Ipsilateral Prominent Thalamostriate Vein and Reperfusion

Reperfusion status was evaluated in 77 patients. The presence of the IPTSV was associated with a lower successful reperfusion rate (37.5% versus 60.0%; OR = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.13–0.92; P = .03) after adjusting for baseline diastolic blood pressure and onset-to-needle time.

In the subgroup of patients without reperfusion, patients with IPTSV had a significantly higher rate of poor outcome (80.0% versus 44.4%, P = .04) compared with those without IPTSV. IPTSV was not associated with poor functional outcome in patients with successful reperfusion (41.7% versus 25.9%, P = .46) (Fig 3).

Fig 3.

Relationship between categories of outcome with reperfusion and the presence of the ipsilaterally prominent thalamostriate vein. Note successful reperfusion is ≥70% reduction in hypoperfusion volume between pretreatment and 24 hours. Poor outcome is a 3-month modified Rankin Scale score ≥ 2. Asterisk indicates P < .05.

Discussion

Our study quantitatively described the relationship between deep cerebral veins and neurologic outcomes after IVT based on SWI and revealed that the presence of IPTSV (defined as an SDR of the TSV of ≥5%) was strongly associated with poor outcome after IVT. Without reperfusion, >80% of patients with IPTSV had poor outcomes, while this rate decreased to 42% if reperfused, which reinforced the importance of reperfusion treatment in patients with IPTSV.

In the current study, we found an association only between poor outcome and SDR of the TSV and not the SV or ICV. This may reflect the functional impact of the brain regions that drain to each vein. The TSV mainly drains the basal ganglia and thalamus, which play important roles in motor control and motor learning,^14⇓–16 and these functions have a strong influence on the mRS score.¹⁷ Lesions within the territory draining to the SV, such as the septum pellucidum, rostral corpus callosum, and white matter of the frontal lobe, may have less impact on the mRS score. The ICV receives tributaries from subcortical, periventricular structures and the choroid plexus within the lateral ventricle, and this extensive venous drainage territory may dilute the relationship between critical functions and changes in venous signal.

The presence of IPTSV was associated with a larger hypoperfusion volume at baseline. This finding is consistent with a previous study that demonstrated that prominent deep cerebral veins on gradient-echo T2*-weighted imaging correlated with a large perfusion lesion.¹⁸ When the oxygen extraction fraction is elevated in hypoperfused tissue, the increased level of deoxyhemoglobin is reflected in abnormal hypointensity of the veins draining that region of the brain. Furthermore, we found that patients with IPTSV were likely to have a high proportion of penumbral tissue loss at 24-hour follow-up. The ischemic penumbra represents the potentially salvageable hypoperfused region,^19⇓–21 which retains structural integrity but has lost function after AIS. Without timely reperfusion, the penumbra becomes irreversibly damaged. Recent studies interpreted the presence of extensive prominent cortical vessels and asymmetry of deep medullary veins after AIS as evidence of poor leptomeningeal collateralization, because good collateralization should lead to less deoxygenated blood in the veins.^22⇓–24 Collateral status is one of the most important factors determining penumbral tissue loss, and good collaterals have been associated with reduced penumbral loss.^13,25 Therefore, we speculated that the presence of IPTSV might indicate poor collaterals after acute ischemia, which would result in increased penumbral tissue loss. However, it is challenging to directly investigate the relationship between IPTSV and leptomeningeal collaterals in our data because we included patients with both large-artery occlusion and more distal occlusions. Further studies are required to explore this.

Our data also showed that patients with IPTSV were less likely to achieve reperfusion. Experimental studies have demonstrated venous endothelial injury and subsequent clot formation in cerebral veins due to oxidative stress and inflammation in the upstream ischemic area.²⁶ Occlusion of microthrombi in venules was found within 30 minutes after acute reduction of CBF in mice, leading to decreased venous flow velocity.²⁷ It is possible that the decreased venous outflow could result in an increase in intracranial pressure as blood accumulates in the capillary system. Subsequently, increased intracranial pressure may lead to decreased arterial perfusion, particularly in collateral pathways, and may contribute to the evolution of penumbral tissue into infarct.²⁸

Successful reperfusion appeared beneficial to patients with IPTSV, reducing the rate of poor outcome from 80% to 42%. This finding indicates the presence of salvageable penumbra in patients with IPTSV. Intra-arterial thrombectomy has been established as a more effective reperfusion therapy in patients with documented occlusion of the distal internal carotid or proximal middle cerebral artery.^29,30 Our results may not directly affect clinical decision-making; however, further studies are required to evaluate whether patients with IPTSV are particularly likely to benefit from thrombectomy in addition to thrombolysis.

Our study has several limitations. First, it is a retrospective analysis and has a potential risk of selection bias. However, consecutive patients were included in a prospective stroke registry from our stroke center with highly homogeneous and standardized medical care. Second, both CT and MR imaging were used for follow-up imaging, which may increase the heterogeneity of volume measurement. However, the proportion of follow-up CT was <5% and was similar in patients with and without IPTSV. Third, we did not evaluate the follow-up status of veins due to the variable follow-up imaging, and this will be the subject of future study. Fourth, chronic arterial stenosis in cervicocranial arteries can result in preexisting abnormal signal in deep veins before an acute ischemic event. This may influence the assessment of asymmetry of the deep venous system after AIS. Our results should be validated in patients with stenosis of the internal carotid artery and intracranial arteries in further investigations. Finally, our conclusions were based on patients receiving IVT. Future studies are needed to validate the use of IPTSV in the context of endovascular thrombectomy.

Conclusions

Patients with IPTSV had a lower incidence of reperfusion and a higher rate of poor outcome after IVT. The risk of poor outcome was, however, markedly reduced in those patients in whom successful reperfusion was achieved. Our results emphasize the importance of reperfusion, especially for the patients with IPTSV. However, further studies are warranted to validate whether patients with IPTSV can benefit from more successful reperfusion strategies.

Footnotes

Disclosures: Min Lou—RELATED: Grant: Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (2013C13G2010032) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81471170 & 81622017).* *Money paid to the institution.
This work was supported by the Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (2013C13G2010032) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81471170&81622017). The perfusion analysis software (MIStar) used in this study was provided to the site as part of their involvement in the International Stroke Perfusion Imaging Registry (INSPIRE; inspire.webmistar.com) study funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.

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Received September 2, 2016.
Accepted after revision December 30, 2016.

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[1] 1.↵

Chen CY,
Chen CI,
Tsai FY, et al
. Prominent vessel sign on susceptibility-weighted imaging in acute stroke: prediction of infarct growth and clinical outcome. PLoS One 2015;10:e0131118 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131118 pmid:26110628
CrossRef PubMed

[3] Chen CY,

[4] Chen CI,

[5] Tsai FY, et al

[6] 2.↵

Baik SK,
Choi W,
Oh SJ, et al
. Change in cortical vessel signs on susceptibility-weighted images after full recanalization in hyperacute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2012;34:206–12 doi:10.1159/000342148 pmid:23006622
CrossRef PubMed

[8] Baik SK,

[9] Choi W,

[10] Oh SJ, et al

[11] 3.↵

Sun W,
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American Journal of Neuroradiology

Ipsilateral Prominent Thalamostriate Vein on Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging Predicts Poor Outcome after Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Abstract

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