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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Retention of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Multiple Sclerosis: Retrospective Analysis of an 18-Year Longitudinal Study" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A5211" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2017-07-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2017 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Gadolinium-based contrast agents have been associated with lasting high T1-weighted signal intensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus, with histopathologically confirmed gadolinium retention. We aimed to longitudinally investigate the relationship of multiple gadolinium-based contrast agent administrations to the Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus and any associations with cognitive function in multiple sclerosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus was retrospectively evaluated on T1-weighted MR imaging in an 18-year longitudinal cohort study of 23 patients with MS receiving multiple gadolinium-based contrast agent administrations and 23 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Participants also underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing.

RESULTS: Patients with MS had a higher Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus ( P &lt; .001), but not in the globus pallidus ( P = .19), compared with non-gadolinium-based contrast agent–exposed healthy controls by an unpaired t test. Increasing numbers of gadolinium-based contrast agent administrations were associated with an increased Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus (β = 0.45, P &lt; .001) and globus pallidus (β = 0.60, P &lt; .001). This association remained stable with corrections for the age, disease duration, and physical disability for both the dentate nucleus (β = 0.43, P = .001) and globus pallidus (β = 0.58, P &lt; .001). An increased Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus among patients with MS was associated with lower verbal fluency scores, which remained significant after correction for several aspects of disease severity (β = −0.40 P = .013).

CONCLUSIONS: Our data corroborate previous reports of lasting gadolinium retention in brain tissues. An increased Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus was associated with lower verbal fluency, which does not prove causality but encourages further studies on cognition and gadolinium-based contrast agent administration.

DN
:   dentate nucleus
EDSS
:   Expanded Disability Status Scale
GBCA
:   gadolinium-based contrast agent
GP
:   globus pallidus
SII
:   Signal Intensity Index" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Y. Forslin" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Shams" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="F. Hashim" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P. Aspelin" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G. Bergendal" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Martola" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Fredrikson" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Kristoffersen-Wiberg" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="T. Granberg" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2017-07-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="ADULT BRAIN" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Retention of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Multiple Sclerosis: Retrospective Analysis of an 18-Year Longitudinal Study" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gadolinium-based contrast agents have been associated with lasting high T1-weighted signal intensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus, with histopathologically confirmed gadolinium retention. We aimed to longitudinally investigate the relationship of multiple gadolinium-based contrast agent administrations to the Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus and any associations with cognitive function in multiple sclerosis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus was retrospectively evaluated on T1-weighted MR imaging in an 18-year longitudinal cohort study of 23 patients with MS receiving multiple gadolinium-based contrast agent administrations and 23 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Participants also underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Patients with MS had a higher Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001), but not in the globus pallidus (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .19), compared with non-gadolinium-based contrast agent–exposed healthy controls by an unpaired &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt; test. Increasing numbers of gadolinium-based contrast agent administrations were associated with an increased Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus (β = 0.45, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001) and globus pallidus (β = 0.60, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001). This association remained stable with corrections for the age, disease duration, and physical disability for both the dentate nucleus (β = 0.43, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .001) and globus pallidus (β = 0.58, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001). An increased Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus among patients with MS was associated with lower verbal fluency scores, which remained significant after correction for several aspects of disease severity (β = −0.40 &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .013).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Our data corroborate previous reports of lasting gadolinium retention in brain tissues. An increased Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus was associated with lower verbal fluency, which does not prove causality but encourages further studies on cognition and gadolinium-based contrast agent administration.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Retention of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Multiple Sclerosis: Retrospective Analysis of an 18-Year Longitudinal Study" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Gadolinium-based contrast agents have been associated with lasting high T1-weighted signal intensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus, with histopathologically confirmed gadolinium retention. We aimed to longitudinally investigate the relationship of multiple gadolinium-based contrast agent administrations to the Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus and any associations with cognitive function in multiple sclerosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus was retrospectively evaluated on T1-weighted MR imaging in an 18-year longitudinal cohort study of 23 patients with MS receiving multiple gadolinium-based contrast agent administrations and 23 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Participants also underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing.

RESULTS: Patients with MS had a higher Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus ( P &lt; .001), but not in the globus pallidus ( P = .19), compared with non-gadolinium-based contrast agent–exposed healthy controls by an unpaired t test. Increasing numbers of gadolinium-based contrast agent administrations were associated with an increased Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus (β = 0.45, P &lt; .001) and globus pallidus (β = 0.60, P &lt; .001). This association remained stable with corrections for the age, disease duration, and physical disability for both the dentate nucleus (β = 0.43, P = .001) and globus pallidus (β = 0.58, P &lt; .001). An increased Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus among patients with MS was associated with lower verbal fluency scores, which remained significant after correction for several aspects of disease severity (β = −0.40 P = .013).

CONCLUSIONS: Our data corroborate previous reports of lasting gadolinium retention in brain tissues. An increased Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus was associated with lower verbal fluency, which does not prove causality but encourages further studies on cognition and gadolinium-based contrast agent administration.

DN
:   dentate nucleus
EDSS
:   Expanded Disability Status Scale
GBCA
:   gadolinium-based contrast agent
GP
:   globus pallidus
SII
:   Signal Intensity Index" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Retention of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Multiple Sclerosis: Retrospective Analysis of an 18-Year Longitudinal Study" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/38/7/1311" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Gadolinium-based contrast agents have been associated with lasting high T1-weighted signal intensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus, with histopathologically confirmed gadolinium retention. We aimed to longitudinally investigate the relationship of multiple gadolinium-based contrast agent administrations to the Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus and any associations with cognitive function in multiple sclerosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus was retrospectively evaluated on T1-weighted MR imaging in an 18-year longitudinal cohort study of 23 patients with MS receiving multiple gadolinium-based contrast agent administrations and 23 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Participants also underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing.

RESULTS: Patients with MS had a higher Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus ( P &lt; .001), but not in the globus pallidus ( P = .19), compared with non-gadolinium-based contrast agent–exposed healthy controls by an unpaired t test. Increasing numbers of gadolinium-based contrast agent administrations were associated with an increased Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus (β = 0.45, P &lt; .001) and globus pallidus (β = 0.60, P &lt; .001). This association remained stable with corrections for the age, disease duration, and physical disability for both the dentate nucleus (β = 0.43, P = .001) and globus pallidus (β = 0.58, P &lt; .001). An increased Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus among patients with MS was associated with lower verbal fluency scores, which remained significant after correction for several aspects of disease severity (β = −0.40 P = .013).

CONCLUSIONS: Our data corroborate previous reports of lasting gadolinium retention in brain tissues. An increased Signal Intensity Index in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus was associated with lower verbal fluency, which does not prove causality but encourages further studies on cognition and gadolinium-based contrast agent administration.

DN
:   dentate nucleus
EDSS
:   Expanded Disability Status Scale
GBCA
:   gadolinium-based contrast agent
GP
:   globus pallidus
SII
:   Signal Intensity Index" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node55136--5" data-node-nid="55136" id="top-node-55136--61391536387" data-pisa="ajnr;38/7/1311" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A5211" data-apath="/ajnr/38/7/1311.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">ADULT BRAIN</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Retention of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Multiple Sclerosis: Retrospective Analysis of an 18-Year Longitudinal Study</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Y. Forslin</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">S. Shams</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">F. Hashim</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">P. Aspelin</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">G. Bergendal</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">J. Martola</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">S. Fredrikson</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">M. Kristoffersen-Wiberg</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">T. Granberg</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">July 2017,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">38 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1311-1316; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5211 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-55136--61391536387" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Y. Forslin </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Y.%2BForslin%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Forslin%20Y&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AY.%2BForslin%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7097-4765" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Y. Forslin</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Shams </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BShams%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Shams%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BShams%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5133-0224" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Shams</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">F. Hashim </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=F.%2BHashim%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hashim%20F&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AF.%2BHashim%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1656-4217" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for F. Hashim</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">P. Aspelin </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=P.%2BAspelin%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Aspelin%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AP.%2BAspelin%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6222-6855" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for P. Aspelin</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">G. Bergendal </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Neurology (G.B., S.F.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=G.%2BBergendal%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bergendal%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AG.%2BBergendal%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2963-7625" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for G. Bergendal</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Martola </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BMartola%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Martola%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BMartola%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3212-9592" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J. Martola</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Fredrikson </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Neurology (G.B., S.F.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Clinical Neuroscience (S.F.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BFredrikson%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Fredrikson%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BFredrikson%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-3286" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Fredrikson</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Kristoffersen-Wiberg </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BKristoffersen-Wiberg%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kristoffersen-Wiberg%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BKristoffersen-Wiberg%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6135-2999" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Kristoffersen-Wiberg</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">T. Granberg </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (Y.F., S.S., F.H., P.A., G.B., J.M., M.K.-W., T.G.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=T.%2BGranberg%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Granberg%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AT.%2BGranberg%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6700-1022" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for T. 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2 class="">References</h2><ol class="cit-list ref-use-labels"><li><span class="ref-label">1.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1. in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-38.7.1311.1" data-doi="10.1007/s12325-015-0275-4"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
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      <div class="highwire-cite-highlight"><a href="/content/38/7"  class="highlight-image-linked"><img class="highlight-image" src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/highwire/ajnr/38/7.cover-source.jpg?itok=-cYpiImu" alt="American Journal of Neuroradiology: 38 (7)" /></a></div>
  
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          <a href="/content/38/7" class="highwire-cite-linked-title" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="highwire-cite-title">American Journal of Neuroradiology</span></a>      
      
        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 38</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 7 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Jul 2017 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Retention of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Multiple Sclerosis: Retrospective Analysis of an 18-Year Longitudinal Study</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Forslin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Shams</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hashim</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Aspelin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bergendal</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Martola</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fredrikson</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kristoffersen-Wiberg</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">T.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Granberg</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jul 2017, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">38 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1311-1316; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A5211 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Retention of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Multiple Sclerosis: Retrospective Analysis of an 18-Year Longitudinal Study</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Forslin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Shams</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hashim</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Aspelin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bergendal</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Martola</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fredrikson</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kristoffersen-Wiberg</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">T.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Granberg</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jul 2017, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">38 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1311-1316; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A5211 </span></div>
  
  
  
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