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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Looking Deep into the Eye-of-the-Tiger in Pantothenate Kinase–Associated Neurodegeneration" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A5514" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2018-03-01" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A detailed delineation of the MR imaging changes in the globus pallidus in pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration will be helpful for diagnosis and monitoring of patients. The aim of this study was to determine the morphologic spectrum of the “eye-of-the-tiger” sign and the topographic pattern of iron deposition in a group of patients with pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-four MR imaging scans from 54 individuals with PANK2 mutations were analyzed for signal patterns in the globus pallidus. Sixteen SWI data from 15 patients who underwent 1.5T ( n = 7), 3T ( n = 7), and 7T ( n = 2) MR imaging were included to visualize the iron topography.

RESULTS: The linear hyperintensity alongside the medial border of the globus pallidus was the earliest T2 signal change. This finding was evident before SWI changes from iron deposition became visible. T2WI performed in early childhood mostly showed isolated hyperintense signal. In adult patients, marked signal reduction within an earlier hyperintense center resulting from iron accumulation led to the loss of signal difference between the central and surrounding areas. Signal hypointensity on SWI progressed from the medial to the lateral portion of the globus pallidus with increasing age. The fiber connections between the medial globus pallidus and the anteromedial aspect of the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus were markedly hypointense on SWI.

CONCLUSIONS: In pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration, the globus pallidus MR imaging changes using SWI develop as region-specific and age-dependent phenomena. Signal inhomogeneity was observed across the globus pallidus in pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration and should be considered when determining the concentration of iron.

PKAN
:   pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration
GP
:   globus pallidus
SN
:   substantia nigra
STN
:   subthalamic nucleus" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.-H. Lee" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Gregory" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P. Hogarth" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C. Rogers" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.J. Hayflick" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2018-03-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Pediatrics" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Looking Deep into the Eye-of-the-Tiger in Pantothenate Kinase–Associated Neurodegeneration" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A detailed delineation of the MR imaging changes in the globus pallidus in pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration will be helpful for diagnosis and monitoring of patients. The aim of this study was to determine the morphologic spectrum of the “eye-of-the-tiger” sign and the topographic pattern of iron deposition in a group of patients with pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Seventy-four MR imaging scans from 54 individuals with &lt;i&gt;PANK2&lt;/i&gt; mutations were analyzed for signal patterns in the globus pallidus. Sixteen SWI data from 15 patients who underwent 1.5T (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 7), 3T (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 7), and 7T (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 2) MR imaging were included to visualize the iron topography.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The linear hyperintensity alongside the medial border of the globus pallidus was the earliest T2 signal change. This finding was evident before SWI changes from iron deposition became visible. T2WI performed in early childhood mostly showed isolated hyperintense signal. In adult patients, marked signal reduction within an earlier hyperintense center resulting from iron accumulation led to the loss of signal difference between the central and surrounding areas. Signal hypointensity on SWI progressed from the medial to the lateral portion of the globus pallidus with increasing age. The fiber connections between the medial globus pallidus and the anteromedial aspect of the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus were markedly hypointense on SWI.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration, the globus pallidus MR imaging changes using SWI develop as region-specific and age-dependent phenomena. Signal inhomogeneity was observed across the globus pallidus in pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration and should be considered when determining the concentration of iron.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Looking Deep into the Eye-of-the-Tiger in Pantothenate Kinase–Associated Neurodegeneration" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:image" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/default/files/highwire/ajnr/39/3.cover-source.jpg" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A detailed delineation of the MR imaging changes in the globus pallidus in pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration will be helpful for diagnosis and monitoring of patients. The aim of this study was to determine the morphologic spectrum of the “eye-of-the-tiger” sign and the topographic pattern of iron deposition in a group of patients with pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-four MR imaging scans from 54 individuals with PANK2 mutations were analyzed for signal patterns in the globus pallidus. Sixteen SWI data from 15 patients who underwent 1.5T ( n = 7), 3T ( n = 7), and 7T ( n = 2) MR imaging were included to visualize the iron topography.

RESULTS: The linear hyperintensity alongside the medial border of the globus pallidus was the earliest T2 signal change. This finding was evident before SWI changes from iron deposition became visible. T2WI performed in early childhood mostly showed isolated hyperintense signal. In adult patients, marked signal reduction within an earlier hyperintense center resulting from iron accumulation led to the loss of signal difference between the central and surrounding areas. Signal hypointensity on SWI progressed from the medial to the lateral portion of the globus pallidus with increasing age. The fiber connections between the medial globus pallidus and the anteromedial aspect of the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus were markedly hypointense on SWI.

CONCLUSIONS: In pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration, the globus pallidus MR imaging changes using SWI develop as region-specific and age-dependent phenomena. Signal inhomogeneity was observed across the globus pallidus in pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration and should be considered when determining the concentration of iron.

PKAN
:   pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration
GP
:   globus pallidus
SN
:   substantia nigra
STN
:   subthalamic nucleus" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Looking Deep into the Eye-of-the-Tiger in Pantothenate Kinase–Associated Neurodegeneration" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/39/3/583" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A detailed delineation of the MR imaging changes in the globus pallidus in pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration will be helpful for diagnosis and monitoring of patients. The aim of this study was to determine the morphologic spectrum of the “eye-of-the-tiger” sign and the topographic pattern of iron deposition in a group of patients with pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-four MR imaging scans from 54 individuals with PANK2 mutations were analyzed for signal patterns in the globus pallidus. Sixteen SWI data from 15 patients who underwent 1.5T ( n = 7), 3T ( n = 7), and 7T ( n = 2) MR imaging were included to visualize the iron topography.

RESULTS: The linear hyperintensity alongside the medial border of the globus pallidus was the earliest T2 signal change. This finding was evident before SWI changes from iron deposition became visible. T2WI performed in early childhood mostly showed isolated hyperintense signal. In adult patients, marked signal reduction within an earlier hyperintense center resulting from iron accumulation led to the loss of signal difference between the central and surrounding areas. Signal hypointensity on SWI progressed from the medial to the lateral portion of the globus pallidus with increasing age. The fiber connections between the medial globus pallidus and the anteromedial aspect of the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus were markedly hypointense on SWI.

CONCLUSIONS: In pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration, the globus pallidus MR imaging changes using SWI develop as region-specific and age-dependent phenomena. Signal inhomogeneity was observed across the globus pallidus in pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration and should be considered when determining the concentration of iron.

PKAN
:   pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration
GP
:   globus pallidus
SN
:   substantia nigra
STN
:   subthalamic nucleus" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node59506--5" data-node-nid="59506" id="top-node-59506--666844527" data-pisa="ajnr;39/3/583" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A5514" data-apath="/ajnr/39/3/583.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Pediatrics</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Looking Deep into the Eye-of-the-Tiger in Pantothenate Kinase–Associated Neurodegeneration</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">J.-H. Lee</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">A. Gregory</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">P. Hogarth</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">C. Rogers</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">S.J. Hayflick</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">March 2018,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">39 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">583-588; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5514 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-59506--666844527" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J.-H. Lee </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics (J.-H.L., A.G., P.H., C.R., S.J.H.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Department of Neurology (J.-H.L.), Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.-H.%2BLee%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lee%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.-H.%2BLee%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4274-7415" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J.-H. Lee</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. Gregory </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics (J.-H.L., A.G., P.H., C.R., S.J.H.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.%2BGregory%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gregory%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.%2BGregory%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2296-9619" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A. Gregory</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">P. Hogarth </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics (J.-H.L., A.G., P.H., C.R., S.J.H.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Neurology (P.H., S.J.H.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=P.%2BHogarth%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hogarth%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AP.%2BHogarth%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1328-6311" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for P. Hogarth</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C. Rogers </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics (J.-H.L., A.G., P.H., C.R., S.J.H.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.%2BRogers%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Rogers%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.%2BRogers%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1678-8608" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C. Rogers</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.J. Hayflick </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics (J.-H.L., A.G., P.H., C.R., S.J.H.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Neurology (P.H., S.J.H.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Pediatrics (S.J.H.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.J.%2BHayflick%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hayflick%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.J.%2BHayflick%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-3943" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.J. Hayflick</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2 class="">References</h2><ol class="cit-list ref-use-labels"><li><span class="ref-label">1.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1. in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-39.3.583.1" data-doi="10.14802/jmd.14034"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 39</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 3 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Mar 2018 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Looking Deep into the Eye-of-the-Tiger in Pantothenate Kinase–Associated Neurodegeneration</div>  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Mar 2018, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">39 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">583-588; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A5514 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Looking Deep into the Eye-of-the-Tiger in Pantothenate Kinase–Associated Neurodegeneration</div>  
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