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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Altered Regional Homogeneity in Chronic Insomnia Disorder with or without Cognitive Impairment" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A5587" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2018-04-01" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Many studies have shown that insomnia is an independent factor in cognitive impairment, but the involved neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear. We used regional homogeneity to explore the specific neurobiologic indicators of chronic insomnia disorder with mild cognitive impairment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with insomnia were divided into a group with and without cognitive impairment; we also included a control group ( n = 28). Abnormalities in brain functional activity were identified by comparing the regional homogeneity values for each brain region among the groups.

RESULTS: Subjective insomnia scores were negatively correlated with cognitive impairment after controlling for age, sex, and educational effects. Regions with significant differences in regional homogeneity values in the 3 groups were concentrated in the right medial prefrontal cortex, the right superior frontal gyrus, and the left superior occipital gyrus. Meanwhile, subjective insomnia scores were negatively correlated with the strength of the decreased regional homogeneity in the right medial prefrontal cortex. The increased regional homogeneity value in the right superior frontal gyrus was positively correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score in patients.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that decreased regional homogeneity values in the medial prefrontal cortex and increased regional homogeneity values in the cuneus may be important neurobiologic indicators of chronic insomnia disorder and accompanying cognitive impairment. Overall, our study described the regional homogeneity of the whole brain in chronic insomnia disorder with mild cognitive impairment and could be the basis for future studies.

BA
:   Brodmann area
CID
:   chronic insomnia disorder
MCI
:   mild cognitive impairment
mPFC
:   medial prefrontal cortex
NC
:   healthy control
NI
:   no impairment
ReHo
:   regional homogeneity
SFG
:   superior frontal gyrus" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Pang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Guo" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="X. Wu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="F. Hu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Liu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L. Zhang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Z. Wang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K. Li" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2018-04-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="FUNCTIONAL" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Altered Regional Homogeneity in Chronic Insomnia Disorder with or without Cognitive Impairment" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Many studies have shown that insomnia is an independent factor in cognitive impairment, but the involved neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear. We used regional homogeneity to explore the specific neurobiologic indicators of chronic insomnia disorder with mild cognitive impairment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thirty-nine patients with insomnia were divided into a group with and without cognitive impairment; we also included a control group (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 28). Abnormalities in brain functional activity were identified by comparing the regional homogeneity values for each brain region among the groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Subjective insomnia scores were negatively correlated with cognitive impairment after controlling for age, sex, and educational effects. Regions with significant differences in regional homogeneity values in the 3 groups were concentrated in the right medial prefrontal cortex, the right superior frontal gyrus, and the left superior occipital gyrus. Meanwhile, subjective insomnia scores were negatively correlated with the strength of the decreased regional homogeneity in the right medial prefrontal cortex. The increased regional homogeneity value in the right superior frontal gyrus was positively correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score in patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Our results indicate that decreased regional homogeneity values in the medial prefrontal cortex and increased regional homogeneity values in the cuneus may be important neurobiologic indicators of chronic insomnia disorder and accompanying cognitive impairment. Overall, our study described the regional homogeneity of the whole brain in chronic insomnia disorder with mild cognitive impairment and could be the basis for future studies.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Altered Regional Homogeneity in Chronic Insomnia Disorder with or without Cognitive Impairment" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Many studies have shown that insomnia is an independent factor in cognitive impairment, but the involved neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear. We used regional homogeneity to explore the specific neurobiologic indicators of chronic insomnia disorder with mild cognitive impairment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with insomnia were divided into a group with and without cognitive impairment; we also included a control group ( n = 28). Abnormalities in brain functional activity were identified by comparing the regional homogeneity values for each brain region among the groups.

RESULTS: Subjective insomnia scores were negatively correlated with cognitive impairment after controlling for age, sex, and educational effects. Regions with significant differences in regional homogeneity values in the 3 groups were concentrated in the right medial prefrontal cortex, the right superior frontal gyrus, and the left superior occipital gyrus. Meanwhile, subjective insomnia scores were negatively correlated with the strength of the decreased regional homogeneity in the right medial prefrontal cortex. The increased regional homogeneity value in the right superior frontal gyrus was positively correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score in patients.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that decreased regional homogeneity values in the medial prefrontal cortex and increased regional homogeneity values in the cuneus may be important neurobiologic indicators of chronic insomnia disorder and accompanying cognitive impairment. Overall, our study described the regional homogeneity of the whole brain in chronic insomnia disorder with mild cognitive impairment and could be the basis for future studies.

BA
:   Brodmann area
CID
:   chronic insomnia disorder
MCI
:   mild cognitive impairment
mPFC
:   medial prefrontal cortex
NC
:   healthy control
NI
:   no impairment
ReHo
:   regional homogeneity
SFG
:   superior frontal gyrus" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Altered Regional Homogeneity in Chronic Insomnia Disorder with or without Cognitive Impairment" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/39/4/742" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Many studies have shown that insomnia is an independent factor in cognitive impairment, but the involved neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear. We used regional homogeneity to explore the specific neurobiologic indicators of chronic insomnia disorder with mild cognitive impairment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with insomnia were divided into a group with and without cognitive impairment; we also included a control group ( n = 28). Abnormalities in brain functional activity were identified by comparing the regional homogeneity values for each brain region among the groups.

RESULTS: Subjective insomnia scores were negatively correlated with cognitive impairment after controlling for age, sex, and educational effects. Regions with significant differences in regional homogeneity values in the 3 groups were concentrated in the right medial prefrontal cortex, the right superior frontal gyrus, and the left superior occipital gyrus. Meanwhile, subjective insomnia scores were negatively correlated with the strength of the decreased regional homogeneity in the right medial prefrontal cortex. The increased regional homogeneity value in the right superior frontal gyrus was positively correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score in patients.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that decreased regional homogeneity values in the medial prefrontal cortex and increased regional homogeneity values in the cuneus may be important neurobiologic indicators of chronic insomnia disorder and accompanying cognitive impairment. Overall, our study described the regional homogeneity of the whole brain in chronic insomnia disorder with mild cognitive impairment and could be the basis for future studies.

BA
:   Brodmann area
CID
:   chronic insomnia disorder
MCI
:   mild cognitive impairment
mPFC
:   medial prefrontal cortex
NC
:   healthy control
NI
:   no impairment
ReHo
:   regional homogeneity
SFG
:   superior frontal gyrus" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node60155--5" data-node-nid="60155" id="top-node-60155--61979490574" data-pisa="ajnr;39/4/742" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A5587" data-apath="/ajnr/39/4/742.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">FUNCTIONAL</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Altered Regional Homogeneity in Chronic Insomnia Disorder with or without Cognitive Impairment</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">R. Pang</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">R. Guo</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">X. Wu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">F. Hu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">M. Liu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">L. Zhang</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">Z. Wang</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">K. Li</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">April 2018,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">39 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(4) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">742-747; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5587 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-60155--61979490574" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R. Pang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology (R.P., M.L., Z.W., K.L.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Department of Radiology (R.P., K.L.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.%2BPang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Pang%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.%2BPang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6506-5305" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R. Pang</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R. Guo </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Neurology (R.G., L.Z.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.%2BGuo%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Guo%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.%2BGuo%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5480-398X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R. Guo</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">X. Wu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Acupuncture (X.W.), Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=X.%2BWu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wu%20X&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AX.%2BWu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4397-4000" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for X. Wu</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">F. Hu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Institute of Automation (F.H.), Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing, China</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>School of Automation (F.H.), Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=F.%2BHu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hu%20F&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AF.%2BHu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5677-3086" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for F. Hu</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Liu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology (R.P., M.L., Z.W., K.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BLiu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Liu%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BLiu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4699-0228" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Liu</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L. Zhang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Neurology (R.G., L.Z.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.%2BZhang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Zhang%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.%2BZhang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0528-3201" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for L. Zhang</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Z. Wang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology (R.P., M.L., Z.W., K.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Z.%2BWang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wang%20Z&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AZ.%2BWang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9608-0962" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Z. Wang</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K. Li </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology (R.P., M.L., Z.W., K.L.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Department of Radiology (R.P., K.L.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>g</span>Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics (K.L.), Beijing, China.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.%2BLi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Li%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.%2BLi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8442-5695" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for K. 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2 class="">References</h2><ol class="cit-list ref-use-labels"><li><span class="ref-label">1.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1. in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-39.4.742.1" data-doi="10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.008"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
</li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Fortier-Brochu</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Beaulieu-Bonneau</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Ivers</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Insomnia and daytime cognitive performance: a meta-analysis</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Sleep Med Rev</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2012</span>;<span class="cit-vol">16</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">83</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">94</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.008</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>21636297</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.008&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=21636297&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F39%2F4%2F742.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000299850900008&amp;link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">2.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-2-1" title="View reference 2. in text" id="ref-2">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-39.4.742.2" data-doi="10.1016/B978-0-444-53817-8.00002-5"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
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</li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Winkelman</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">JW</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Buxton</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">OM</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Jensen</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">JE</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Reduced brain GABA in primary insomnia: preliminary data from 4T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS)</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Sleep</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2008</span>;<span class="cit-vol">31</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1499</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">506</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.1093/sleep/31.11.1499</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>19014069</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1093/sleep/31.11.1499&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=19014069&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F39%2F4%2F742.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">52.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-52-1" title="View reference 52. in text" id="ref-52">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-39.4.742.52" data-doi="10.5665/sleep.1880"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
</li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Morgan</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">PT</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Pace-Schott</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">EF</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Mason</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">GF</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Cortical GABA levels in primary insomnia</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Sleep</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2012</span>;<span class="cit-vol">35</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">807</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">14</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.5665/sleep.1880</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>22654200</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.5665/sleep.1880&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=22654200&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F39%2F4%2F742.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">53.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-53-1" title="View reference 53. in text" id="ref-53">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-39.4.742.53" data-doi="10.1097/WNR.0b013e32835edbdd"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
</li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Killgore</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">WD</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Schwab</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">ZJ</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Kipman</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Insomnia-related complaints correlate with functional connectivity between sensory-motor regions</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Neuroreport</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2013</span>;<span class="cit-vol">24</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">233</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">40</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.1097/WNR.0b013e32835edbdd</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>23399993</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1097/WNR.0b013e32835edbdd&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=23399993&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F39%2F4%2F742.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li></ol></div></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 39</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 4 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Apr 2018 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Altered Regional Homogeneity in Chronic Insomnia Disorder with or without Cognitive Impairment</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Guo</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">X.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Liu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Z.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Li</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Apr 2018, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">39 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(4) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">742-747; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A5587 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Guo</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">X.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Liu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Z.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Li</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Apr 2018, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">39 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(4) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">742-747; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A5587 </span></div>
  
  
  
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