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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Deep-Learning Convolutional Neural Networks Accurately Classify Genetic Mutations in Gliomas" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A5667" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2018-07-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2018 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The World Health Organization has recently placed new emphasis on the integration of genetic information for gliomas. While tissue sampling remains the criterion standard, noninvasive imaging techniques may provide complimentary insight into clinically relevant genetic mutations. Our aim was to train a convolutional neural network to independently predict underlying molecular genetic mutation status in gliomas with high accuracy and identify the most predictive imaging features for each mutation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR imaging data and molecular information were retrospectively obtained from The Cancer Imaging Archives for 259 patients with either low- or high-grade gliomas. A convolutional neural network was trained to classify isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 ( IDH1 ) mutation status, 1p/19q codeletion, and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase ( MGMT ) promotor methylation status. Principal component analysis of the final convolutional neural network layer was used to extract the key imaging features critical for successful classification.

RESULTS: Classification had high accuracy: IDH1 mutation status, 94%; 1p/19q codeletion, 92%; and MGMT promotor methylation status, 83%. Each genetic category was also associated with distinctive imaging features such as definition of tumor margins, T1 and FLAIR suppression, extent of edema, extent of necrosis, and textural features.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that for The Cancer Imaging Archives dataset, machine-learning approaches allow classification of individual genetic mutations of both low- and high-grade gliomas. We show that relevant MR imaging features acquired from an added dimensionality-reduction technique demonstrate that neural networks are capable of learning key imaging components without prior feature selection or human-directed training.

CNN
:   convolutional neural network
IDH 
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase 
MGMT 
:   O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase 
VASARI
:   Visually AcceSAble Rembrandt Images" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P. Chang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Grinband" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B.D. Weinberg" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Bardis" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Khy" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G. Cadena" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M.-Y. Su" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Cha" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C.G. Filippi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D. Bota" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P. Baldi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L.M. Poisson" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Jain" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D. Chow" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2018-07-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Adult Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Deep-Learning Convolutional Neural Networks Accurately Classify Genetic Mutations in Gliomas" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The World Health Organization has recently placed new emphasis on the integration of genetic information for gliomas. While tissue sampling remains the criterion standard, noninvasive imaging techniques may provide complimentary insight into clinically relevant genetic mutations. Our aim was to train a convolutional neural network to independently predict underlying molecular genetic mutation status in gliomas with high accuracy and identify the most predictive imaging features for each mutation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;MR imaging data and molecular information were retrospectively obtained from The Cancer Imaging Archives for 259 patients with either low- or high-grade gliomas. A convolutional neural network was trained to classify &lt;i&gt;isocitrate dehydrogenase 1&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;IDH1&lt;/i&gt;) mutation status, 1p/19q codeletion, and &lt;i&gt;O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;MGMT&lt;/i&gt;) promotor methylation status. Principal component analysis of the final convolutional neural network layer was used to extract the key imaging features critical for successful classification.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Classification had high accuracy: &lt;i&gt;IDH1&lt;/i&gt; mutation status, 94%; 1p/19q codeletion, 92%; and &lt;i&gt;MGMT&lt;/i&gt; promotor methylation status, 83%. Each genetic category was also associated with distinctive imaging features such as definition of tumor margins, T1 and FLAIR suppression, extent of edema, extent of necrosis, and textural features.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Our results indicate that for The Cancer Imaging Archives dataset, machine-learning approaches allow classification of individual genetic mutations of both low- and high-grade gliomas. We show that relevant MR imaging features acquired from an added dimensionality-reduction technique demonstrate that neural networks are capable of learning key imaging components without prior feature selection or human-directed training.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Deep-Learning Convolutional Neural Networks Accurately Classify Genetic Mutations in Gliomas" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The World Health Organization has recently placed new emphasis on the integration of genetic information for gliomas. While tissue sampling remains the criterion standard, noninvasive imaging techniques may provide complimentary insight into clinically relevant genetic mutations. Our aim was to train a convolutional neural network to independently predict underlying molecular genetic mutation status in gliomas with high accuracy and identify the most predictive imaging features for each mutation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR imaging data and molecular information were retrospectively obtained from The Cancer Imaging Archives for 259 patients with either low- or high-grade gliomas. A convolutional neural network was trained to classify isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 ( IDH1 ) mutation status, 1p/19q codeletion, and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase ( MGMT ) promotor methylation status. Principal component analysis of the final convolutional neural network layer was used to extract the key imaging features critical for successful classification.

RESULTS: Classification had high accuracy: IDH1 mutation status, 94%; 1p/19q codeletion, 92%; and MGMT promotor methylation status, 83%. Each genetic category was also associated with distinctive imaging features such as definition of tumor margins, T1 and FLAIR suppression, extent of edema, extent of necrosis, and textural features.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that for The Cancer Imaging Archives dataset, machine-learning approaches allow classification of individual genetic mutations of both low- and high-grade gliomas. We show that relevant MR imaging features acquired from an added dimensionality-reduction technique demonstrate that neural networks are capable of learning key imaging components without prior feature selection or human-directed training.

CNN
:   convolutional neural network
IDH 
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase 
MGMT 
:   O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase 
VASARI
:   Visually AcceSAble Rembrandt Images" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Deep-Learning Convolutional Neural Networks Accurately Classify Genetic Mutations in Gliomas" />
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<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The World Health Organization has recently placed new emphasis on the integration of genetic information for gliomas. While tissue sampling remains the criterion standard, noninvasive imaging techniques may provide complimentary insight into clinically relevant genetic mutations. Our aim was to train a convolutional neural network to independently predict underlying molecular genetic mutation status in gliomas with high accuracy and identify the most predictive imaging features for each mutation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR imaging data and molecular information were retrospectively obtained from The Cancer Imaging Archives for 259 patients with either low- or high-grade gliomas. A convolutional neural network was trained to classify isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 ( IDH1 ) mutation status, 1p/19q codeletion, and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase ( MGMT ) promotor methylation status. Principal component analysis of the final convolutional neural network layer was used to extract the key imaging features critical for successful classification.

RESULTS: Classification had high accuracy: IDH1 mutation status, 94%; 1p/19q codeletion, 92%; and MGMT promotor methylation status, 83%. Each genetic category was also associated with distinctive imaging features such as definition of tumor margins, T1 and FLAIR suppression, extent of edema, extent of necrosis, and textural features.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that for The Cancer Imaging Archives dataset, machine-learning approaches allow classification of individual genetic mutations of both low- and high-grade gliomas. We show that relevant MR imaging features acquired from an added dimensionality-reduction technique demonstrate that neural networks are capable of learning key imaging components without prior feature selection or human-directed training.

CNN
:   convolutional neural network
IDH 
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase 
MGMT 
:   O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase 
VASARI
:   Visually AcceSAble Rembrandt Images" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node61853--7" data-node-nid="61853" id="top-node-61853--82107605172" data-pisa="ajnr;39/7/1201" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A5667" data-apath="/ajnr/39/7/1201.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Adult Brain</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Deep-Learning Convolutional Neural Networks Accurately Classify Genetic Mutations in Gliomas</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">P. Chang</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">J. Grinband</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">B.D. Weinberg</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">M. Bardis</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">M. Khy</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">G. Cadena</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">M.-Y. Su</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">S. Cha</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">C.G. Filippi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">D. Bota</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10">P. Baldi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11">L.M. Poisson</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12">R. Jain</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13">D. Chow</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">July 2018,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">39 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1201-1207; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5667 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-61853--82107605172" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">P. Chang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (P.C., S.C.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=P.%2BChang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Chang%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AP.%2BChang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2675-9483" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for P. Chang</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Grinband </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Radiology (J.G.), Columbia University, New York, New York</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BGrinband%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Grinband%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BGrinband%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7658-6755" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J. Grinband</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">B.D. Weinberg </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Radiology (B.D.W.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=B.D.%2BWeinberg%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Weinberg%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AB.D.%2BWeinberg%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7992-1747" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for B.D. Weinberg</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Bardis </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Departments of Radiology (M.B., M.K., M.-Y.S., D.C.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BBardis%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bardis%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BBardis%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3223-2127" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Bardis</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Khy </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Departments of Radiology (M.B., M.K., M.-Y.S., D.C.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BKhy%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Khy%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BKhy%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1250-9472" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Khy</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">G. Cadena </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Neurosurgery (G.C.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=G.%2BCadena%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cadena%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AG.%2BCadena%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-1342" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for G. Cadena</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M.-Y. Su </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Departments of Radiology (M.B., M.K., M.-Y.S., D.C.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.-Y.%2BSu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Su%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.-Y.%2BSu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3069-0271" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M.-Y. Su</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Cha </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (P.C., S.C.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BCha%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cha%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BCha%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5924-5876" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Cha</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C.G. Filippi </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>h</span>Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), North Shore University Hospital, Long Island, New York</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.G.%2BFilippi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Filippi%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.G.%2BFilippi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4565-2614" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C.G. Filippi</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D. Bota </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>Neuro-Oncology (D.B.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.%2BBota%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bota%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.%2BBota%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9680-9060" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D. Bota</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-10"><div class="author-tooltip-name">P. Baldi </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>g</span>School of Information and Computer Sciences (P.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=P.%2BBaldi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Baldi%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AP.%2BBaldi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8752-4664" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for P. Baldi</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-11"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L.M. Poisson </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>i</span>Department of Public Health Sciences (L.M.P.), Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.M.%2BPoisson%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Poisson%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.M.%2BPoisson%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3409-6536" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for L.M. 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Jain</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-13"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D. Chow </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Departments of Radiology (M.B., M.K., M.-Y.S., D.C.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.%2BChow%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Chow%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.%2BChow%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2359-7394" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D. 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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">vol. 39 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">no. 7 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-page-string highwire-cite-metadata">1201-1207 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    <div class="field field-name-field-highwire-publication-history field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">History&nbsp;</div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><ul class="publication-history"><li>Received  November 29, 2017</li><li>Accepted after revision  March 20, 2018</li><li class="published"><span class="published-label">Published online</span> July 9, 2018.</li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="contributors"><ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1"><li class="contributor" id="contrib-1"><span class="name">P. Chang</span><a id="xref-aff-1-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-2"><span class="name">J. Grinband</span><a id="xref-aff-2-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">b</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-3"><span class="name">B.D. Weinberg</span><a id="xref-aff-3-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-3">c</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-4"><span class="name">M. Bardis</span><a id="xref-aff-4-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-4">d</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-5"><span class="name">M. Khy</span><a id="xref-aff-4-2" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-4">d</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-6"><span class="name">G. Cadena</span><a id="xref-aff-5-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-5">e</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-7"><span class="name">M.-Y. Su</span><a id="xref-aff-4-3" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-4">d</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-8"><span class="name">S. Cha</span><a id="xref-aff-1-2" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-9"><span class="name">C.G. Filippi</span><a id="xref-aff-8-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-8">h</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-10"><span class="name">D. Bota</span><a id="xref-aff-6-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-6">f</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-11"><span class="name">P. Baldi</span><a id="xref-aff-7-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-7">g</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-12"><span class="name">L.M. Poisson</span><a id="xref-aff-9-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-9">i</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-13"><span class="name">R. Jain</span><a id="xref-aff-10-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-10">j</a> and </li><li class="last" id="contrib-14"><span class="name">D. Chow</span><a id="xref-aff-4-4" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-4">d</a></li></ol><ol class="affiliation-list"><li class="aff"><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1"></a><address><sup>a</sup>From the Department of Radiology (P.C., S.C.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-2" name="aff-2"></a><address><sup>b</sup>Department of Radiology (J.G.), Columbia University, New York, New York</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-3" name="aff-3"></a><address><sup>c</sup>Department of Radiology (B.D.W.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-4" name="aff-4"></a><address><sup>d</sup>Departments of Radiology (M.B., M.K., M.-Y.S., D.C.)</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-5" name="aff-5"></a><address><sup>e</sup>Neurosurgery (G.C.)</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-6" name="aff-6"></a><address><sup>f</sup>Neuro-Oncology (D.B.)</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-7" name="aff-7"></a><address><sup>g</sup>School of Information and Computer Sciences (P.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-8" name="aff-8"></a><address><sup>h</sup>Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), North Shore University Hospital, Long Island, New York</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-9" name="aff-9"></a><address><sup>i</sup>Department of Public Health Sciences (L.M.P.), Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-10" name="aff-10"></a><address><sup>j</sup>Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery (R.J.), New York University, New York, New York.</address></li></ol><ol class="corresp-list"><li class="corresp" id="corresp-1">Please address correspondence to Daniel Chow, MD, <span class="addr-line">University of California, Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive South, Douglas Hospital, Route 140, Room 0115, Orange, CA 92868-3201</span>; e-mail: <span class="em-link"><span class="em-addr">chowd3{at}uci.edu</span></span>; <a href="https://mobile.twitter.com/DanChow01">@DanChow01</a></li></ol></div></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/39/7/1201.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 39</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 7 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Jul 2018 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Deep-Learning Convolutional Neural Networks Accurately Classify Genetic Mutations in Gliomas</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Chang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Grinband</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Weinberg</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bardis</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Khy</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cadena</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.-Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Su</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cha</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Filippi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bota</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Baldi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Poisson</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Jain</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Chow</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jul 2018, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">39 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1201-1207; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A5667 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Chang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Grinband</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Weinberg</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bardis</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Khy</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cadena</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.-Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Su</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cha</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Filippi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bota</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Baldi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Poisson</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Jain</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Chow</span></span></span></div>
  
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