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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Quantitative Assessment of Normal Fetal Brain Myelination Using Fast Macromolecular Proton Fraction Mapping" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A5668" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2018-07-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2018 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Fast macromolecular proton fraction mapping is a recently emerged MRI method for quantitative myelin imaging. Our aim was to develop a clinically targeted technique for macromolecular proton fraction mapping of the fetal brain and test its capability to characterize normal prenatal myelination.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 41 pregnant women (gestational age range, 18–38 weeks) without abnormal findings on fetal brain MR imaging performed for clinical indications. A fast fetal brain macromolecular proton fraction mapping protocol was implemented on a clinical 1.5T MR imaging scanner without software modifications and was performed after a clinical examination with an additional scan time of &lt;5 minutes. 3D macromolecular proton fraction maps were reconstructed from magnetization transfer-weighted, T1-weighted, and proton density–weighted images by the single-point method. Mean macromolecular proton fraction in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus and frontal, temporal, and occipital WM was compared between structures and pregnancy trimesters using analysis of variance. Gestational age dependence of the macromolecular proton fraction was assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient ( r ).

RESULTS: The mean macromolecular proton fraction in the fetal brain structures varied between 2.3% and 4.3%, being 5-fold lower than macromolecular proton fraction in adult WM. The macromolecular proton fraction in the third trimester was higher compared with the second trimester in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus. The highest macromolecular proton fraction was observed in the brain stem, followed by the thalamus, cerebellum, and cerebral WM. The macromolecular proton fraction in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus strongly correlated with gestational age ( r = 0.88, 0.80, and 0.73; P &lt; .001). No significant correlations were found for cerebral WM regions.

CONCLUSIONS: Myelin is the main factor determining macromolecular proton fraction in brain tissues. Macromolecular proton fraction mapping is sensitive to the earliest stages of the fetal brain myelination and can be implemented in a clinical setting.

GA
:   gestational age
GRE
:   gradient recalled-echo
MPF
:   macromolecular proton fraction
MT
:   magnetization transfer" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="V.L. Yarnykh" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="I.Y. Prihod'ko" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.A. Savelov" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.M. Korostyshevskaya" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2018-07-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Pediatrics" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Quantitative Assessment of Normal Fetal Brain Myelination Using Fast Macromolecular Proton Fraction Mapping" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fast macromolecular proton fraction mapping is a recently emerged MRI method for quantitative myelin imaging. Our aim was to develop a clinically targeted technique for macromolecular proton fraction mapping of the fetal brain and test its capability to characterize normal prenatal myelination.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This prospective study included 41 pregnant women (gestational age range, 18–38 weeks) without abnormal findings on fetal brain MR imaging performed for clinical indications. A fast fetal brain macromolecular proton fraction mapping protocol was implemented on a clinical 1.5T MR imaging scanner without software modifications and was performed after a clinical examination with an additional scan time of &amp;lt;5 minutes. 3D macromolecular proton fraction maps were reconstructed from magnetization transfer-weighted, T1-weighted, and proton density–weighted images by the single-point method. Mean macromolecular proton fraction in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus and frontal, temporal, and occipital WM was compared between structures and pregnancy trimesters using analysis of variance. Gestational age dependence of the macromolecular proton fraction was assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The mean macromolecular proton fraction in the fetal brain structures varied between 2.3% and 4.3%, being 5-fold lower than macromolecular proton fraction in adult WM. The macromolecular proton fraction in the third trimester was higher compared with the second trimester in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus. The highest macromolecular proton fraction was observed in the brain stem, followed by the thalamus, cerebellum, and cerebral WM. The macromolecular proton fraction in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus strongly correlated with gestational age (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt; = 0.88, 0.80, and 0.73; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001). No significant correlations were found for cerebral WM regions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Myelin is the main factor determining macromolecular proton fraction in brain tissues. Macromolecular proton fraction mapping is sensitive to the earliest stages of the fetal brain myelination and can be implemented in a clinical setting.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="V.L. Yarnykh" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Quantitative Assessment of Normal Fetal Brain Myelination Using Fast Macromolecular Proton Fraction Mapping" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Fast macromolecular proton fraction mapping is a recently emerged MRI method for quantitative myelin imaging. Our aim was to develop a clinically targeted technique for macromolecular proton fraction mapping of the fetal brain and test its capability to characterize normal prenatal myelination.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 41 pregnant women (gestational age range, 18–38 weeks) without abnormal findings on fetal brain MR imaging performed for clinical indications. A fast fetal brain macromolecular proton fraction mapping protocol was implemented on a clinical 1.5T MR imaging scanner without software modifications and was performed after a clinical examination with an additional scan time of &lt;5 minutes. 3D macromolecular proton fraction maps were reconstructed from magnetization transfer-weighted, T1-weighted, and proton density–weighted images by the single-point method. Mean macromolecular proton fraction in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus and frontal, temporal, and occipital WM was compared between structures and pregnancy trimesters using analysis of variance. Gestational age dependence of the macromolecular proton fraction was assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient ( r ).

RESULTS: The mean macromolecular proton fraction in the fetal brain structures varied between 2.3% and 4.3%, being 5-fold lower than macromolecular proton fraction in adult WM. The macromolecular proton fraction in the third trimester was higher compared with the second trimester in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus. The highest macromolecular proton fraction was observed in the brain stem, followed by the thalamus, cerebellum, and cerebral WM. The macromolecular proton fraction in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus strongly correlated with gestational age ( r = 0.88, 0.80, and 0.73; P &lt; .001). No significant correlations were found for cerebral WM regions.

CONCLUSIONS: Myelin is the main factor determining macromolecular proton fraction in brain tissues. Macromolecular proton fraction mapping is sensitive to the earliest stages of the fetal brain myelination and can be implemented in a clinical setting.

GA
:   gestational age
GRE
:   gradient recalled-echo
MPF
:   macromolecular proton fraction
MT
:   magnetization transfer" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Quantitative Assessment of Normal Fetal Brain Myelination Using Fast Macromolecular Proton Fraction Mapping" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/39/7/1341" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Fast macromolecular proton fraction mapping is a recently emerged MRI method for quantitative myelin imaging. Our aim was to develop a clinically targeted technique for macromolecular proton fraction mapping of the fetal brain and test its capability to characterize normal prenatal myelination.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 41 pregnant women (gestational age range, 18–38 weeks) without abnormal findings on fetal brain MR imaging performed for clinical indications. A fast fetal brain macromolecular proton fraction mapping protocol was implemented on a clinical 1.5T MR imaging scanner without software modifications and was performed after a clinical examination with an additional scan time of &lt;5 minutes. 3D macromolecular proton fraction maps were reconstructed from magnetization transfer-weighted, T1-weighted, and proton density–weighted images by the single-point method. Mean macromolecular proton fraction in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus and frontal, temporal, and occipital WM was compared between structures and pregnancy trimesters using analysis of variance. Gestational age dependence of the macromolecular proton fraction was assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient ( r ).

RESULTS: The mean macromolecular proton fraction in the fetal brain structures varied between 2.3% and 4.3%, being 5-fold lower than macromolecular proton fraction in adult WM. The macromolecular proton fraction in the third trimester was higher compared with the second trimester in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus. The highest macromolecular proton fraction was observed in the brain stem, followed by the thalamus, cerebellum, and cerebral WM. The macromolecular proton fraction in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus strongly correlated with gestational age ( r = 0.88, 0.80, and 0.73; P &lt; .001). No significant correlations were found for cerebral WM regions.

CONCLUSIONS: Myelin is the main factor determining macromolecular proton fraction in brain tissues. Macromolecular proton fraction mapping is sensitive to the earliest stages of the fetal brain myelination and can be implemented in a clinical setting.

GA
:   gestational age
GRE
:   gradient recalled-echo
MPF
:   macromolecular proton fraction
MT
:   magnetization transfer" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node61840--5" data-node-nid="61840" id="top-node-61840--632805609" data-pisa="ajnr;39/7/1341" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A5668" data-apath="/ajnr/39/7/1341.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Pediatrics</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Quantitative Assessment of Normal Fetal Brain Myelination Using Fast Macromolecular Proton Fraction Mapping</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">V.L. Yarnykh</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">I.Y. Prihod'ko</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">A.A. Savelov</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">A.M. Korostyshevskaya</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">July 2018,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">39 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1341-1348; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5668 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-61840--632805609" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">V.L. Yarnykh </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (V.L.Y.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics (V.L.Y.), Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=V.L.%2BYarnykh%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Yarnykh%20V&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AV.L.%2BYarnykh%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1583-8979" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for V.L. Yarnykh</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">I.Y. Prihod'ko </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Institute “International Tomography Center” of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (I.Y.P., A.A.S., A.M.K.), Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=I.Y.%2BPrihod%27ko%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Prihod%27ko%20I&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AI.Y.%2BPrihod%2527ko%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3321-7164" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for I.Y. Prihod'ko</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.A. Savelov </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Institute “International Tomography Center” of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (I.Y.P., A.A.S., A.M.K.), Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.A.%2BSavelov%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Savelov%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.A.%2BSavelov%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5332-2607" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A.A. Savelov</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.M. Korostyshevskaya </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Institute “International Tomography Center” of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (I.Y.P., A.A.S., A.M.K.), Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.M.%2BKorostyshevskaya%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Korostyshevskaya%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.M.%2BKorostyshevskaya%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0095-8994" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A.M. Korostyshevskaya</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2 class="">References</h2><ol class="cit-list ref-use-labels"><li><span class="ref-label">1.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1. in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-book" id="cit-39.7.1341.1"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="duplicate"><li><span class="cit-ed"><span class="cit-name-surname">Minkowski</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span></span></li></ol><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
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</li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Kinney</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">HC</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Brody</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">BA</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Kloman</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">AS</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Sequence of central nervous system myelination in human infancy, II: patterns of myelination in autopsied infants</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Neuropathol Exp Neurol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">1988</span>;<span class="cit-vol">47</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">217</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">34</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.1097/00005072-198805000-00003</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>3367155</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1097/00005072-198805000-00003&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=3367155&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F39%2F7%2F1341.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">3.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-3-1" title="View reference 3. in text" id="ref-3">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-39.7.1341.3" data-doi="10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.07.004"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 39</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 7 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Jul 2018 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Quantitative Assessment of Normal Fetal Brain Myelination Using Fast Macromolecular Proton Fraction Mapping</div>  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">V.L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Yarnykh</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">I.Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Prihod'ko</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Savelov</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Korostyshevskaya</span></span></span></div>
  
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