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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Brain Tumor-Enhancement Visualization and Morphometric Assessment: A Comparison of MPRAGE, SPACE, and VIBE MRI Techniques" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A6096" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2019-07-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Postgadolinium MR imaging is crucial for brain tumor diagnosis and morphometric assessment. We compared brain tumor enhancement visualization and the “target” object morphometry obtained with the most commonly used 3D MR imaging technique, MPRAGE, with 2 other routinely available techniques: sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts by using different flip angle evolutions (SPACE) and volumetric interpolated brain examination (VIBE).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four contrast-enhancing tumors (38 gliomas and 16 metastases) were assessed using MPRAGE, VIBE, and SPACE techniques randomly acquired after gadolinium-based contrast agent administration on a 3T scanner. Enhancement conspicuity was assessed quantitatively by calculating the contrast rate and contrast-to-noise ratio, and qualitatively, by consensus visual comparative ratings. The total enhancing tumor volume and between-sequence discrepancy in the margin delineation were assessed on the corresponding 3D target objects contoured with a computer-assisted software for neuronavigation. The Wilcoxon signed rank and Pearson χ2 nonparametric tests were used to investigate between-sequence discrepancies in the contrast rate, contrast-to-noise ratio, visual conspicuity ratings, tumor volume, and margin delineation estimates. Differences were also tested for 1D (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) and 2D (Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology) measurements.

RESULTS: Compared with MPRAGE, both SPACE and VIBE obtained higher contrast rate, contrast-to-noise ratio, and visual conspicuity ratings in both gliomas and metastases ( P range, &lt;.001–.001). The between-sequence 3D target object margin discrepancy ranged between 3% and 19.9% of lesion tumor volume. Larger tumor volumes, 1D and 2D measurements were obtained with SPACE ( P range, &lt;.01–.007).

CONCLUSIONS: Superior conspicuity for brain tumor enhancement can be achieved using SPACE and VIBE techniques, compared with MPRAGE. Discrepancies were also detected when assessing target object size and morphology, with SPACE providing more accurate estimates.

CEL
:   contrast-enhancing lesion
GBCA
:   gadolinium-based contrast agent
RANO
:   Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology
RECIST
:   Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
SPACE
:   sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution
TV
:   tumor volume
VIBE
:   volumetric interpolated brain examination" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L. Danieli" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G.C. Riccitelli" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D. Distefano" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Prodi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Ventura" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Cianfoni" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Kaelin-Lang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Reinert" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Pravatà" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2019-07-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Adult Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Brain Tumor-Enhancement Visualization and Morphometric Assessment: A Comparison of MPRAGE, SPACE, and VIBE MRI Techniques" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Postgadolinium MR imaging is crucial for brain tumor diagnosis and morphometric assessment. We compared brain tumor enhancement visualization and the “target” object morphometry obtained with the most commonly used 3D MR imaging technique, MPRAGE, with 2 other routinely available techniques: sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts by using different flip angle evolutions (SPACE) and volumetric interpolated brain examination (VIBE).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fifty-four contrast-enhancing tumors (38 gliomas and 16 metastases) were assessed using MPRAGE, VIBE, and SPACE techniques randomly acquired after gadolinium-based contrast agent administration on a 3T scanner. Enhancement conspicuity was assessed quantitatively by calculating the contrast rate and contrast-to-noise ratio, and qualitatively, by consensus visual comparative ratings. The total enhancing tumor volume and between-sequence discrepancy in the margin delineation were assessed on the corresponding 3D target objects contoured with a computer-assisted software for neuronavigation. The Wilcoxon signed rank and Pearson χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; nonparametric tests were used to investigate between-sequence discrepancies in the contrast rate, contrast-to-noise ratio, visual conspicuity ratings, tumor volume, and margin delineation estimates. Differences were also tested for 1D (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) and 2D (Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology) measurements.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Compared with MPRAGE, both SPACE and VIBE obtained higher contrast rate, contrast-to-noise ratio, and visual conspicuity ratings in both gliomas and metastases (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; range, &amp;lt;.001–.001). The between-sequence 3D target object margin discrepancy ranged between 3% and 19.9% of lesion tumor volume. Larger tumor volumes, 1D and 2D measurements were obtained with SPACE (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; range, &amp;lt;.01–.007).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Superior conspicuity for brain tumor enhancement can be achieved using SPACE and VIBE techniques, compared with MPRAGE. Discrepancies were also detected when assessing target object size and morphology, with SPACE providing more accurate estimates.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Brain Tumor-Enhancement Visualization and Morphometric Assessment: A Comparison of MPRAGE, SPACE, and VIBE MRI Techniques" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Postgadolinium MR imaging is crucial for brain tumor diagnosis and morphometric assessment. We compared brain tumor enhancement visualization and the “target” object morphometry obtained with the most commonly used 3D MR imaging technique, MPRAGE, with 2 other routinely available techniques: sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts by using different flip angle evolutions (SPACE) and volumetric interpolated brain examination (VIBE).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four contrast-enhancing tumors (38 gliomas and 16 metastases) were assessed using MPRAGE, VIBE, and SPACE techniques randomly acquired after gadolinium-based contrast agent administration on a 3T scanner. Enhancement conspicuity was assessed quantitatively by calculating the contrast rate and contrast-to-noise ratio, and qualitatively, by consensus visual comparative ratings. The total enhancing tumor volume and between-sequence discrepancy in the margin delineation were assessed on the corresponding 3D target objects contoured with a computer-assisted software for neuronavigation. The Wilcoxon signed rank and Pearson χ2 nonparametric tests were used to investigate between-sequence discrepancies in the contrast rate, contrast-to-noise ratio, visual conspicuity ratings, tumor volume, and margin delineation estimates. Differences were also tested for 1D (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) and 2D (Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology) measurements.

RESULTS: Compared with MPRAGE, both SPACE and VIBE obtained higher contrast rate, contrast-to-noise ratio, and visual conspicuity ratings in both gliomas and metastases ( P range, &lt;.001–.001). The between-sequence 3D target object margin discrepancy ranged between 3% and 19.9% of lesion tumor volume. Larger tumor volumes, 1D and 2D measurements were obtained with SPACE ( P range, &lt;.01–.007).

CONCLUSIONS: Superior conspicuity for brain tumor enhancement can be achieved using SPACE and VIBE techniques, compared with MPRAGE. Discrepancies were also detected when assessing target object size and morphology, with SPACE providing more accurate estimates.

CEL
:   contrast-enhancing lesion
GBCA
:   gadolinium-based contrast agent
RANO
:   Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology
RECIST
:   Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
SPACE
:   sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution
TV
:   tumor volume
VIBE
:   volumetric interpolated brain examination" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Brain Tumor-Enhancement Visualization and Morphometric Assessment: A Comparison of MPRAGE, SPACE, and VIBE MRI Techniques" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/40/7/1140" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Postgadolinium MR imaging is crucial for brain tumor diagnosis and morphometric assessment. We compared brain tumor enhancement visualization and the “target” object morphometry obtained with the most commonly used 3D MR imaging technique, MPRAGE, with 2 other routinely available techniques: sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts by using different flip angle evolutions (SPACE) and volumetric interpolated brain examination (VIBE).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four contrast-enhancing tumors (38 gliomas and 16 metastases) were assessed using MPRAGE, VIBE, and SPACE techniques randomly acquired after gadolinium-based contrast agent administration on a 3T scanner. Enhancement conspicuity was assessed quantitatively by calculating the contrast rate and contrast-to-noise ratio, and qualitatively, by consensus visual comparative ratings. The total enhancing tumor volume and between-sequence discrepancy in the margin delineation were assessed on the corresponding 3D target objects contoured with a computer-assisted software for neuronavigation. The Wilcoxon signed rank and Pearson χ2 nonparametric tests were used to investigate between-sequence discrepancies in the contrast rate, contrast-to-noise ratio, visual conspicuity ratings, tumor volume, and margin delineation estimates. Differences were also tested for 1D (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) and 2D (Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology) measurements.

RESULTS: Compared with MPRAGE, both SPACE and VIBE obtained higher contrast rate, contrast-to-noise ratio, and visual conspicuity ratings in both gliomas and metastases ( P range, &lt;.001–.001). The between-sequence 3D target object margin discrepancy ranged between 3% and 19.9% of lesion tumor volume. Larger tumor volumes, 1D and 2D measurements were obtained with SPACE ( P range, &lt;.01–.007).

CONCLUSIONS: Superior conspicuity for brain tumor enhancement can be achieved using SPACE and VIBE techniques, compared with MPRAGE. Discrepancies were also detected when assessing target object size and morphology, with SPACE providing more accurate estimates.

CEL
:   contrast-enhancing lesion
GBCA
:   gadolinium-based contrast agent
RANO
:   Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology
RECIST
:   Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
SPACE
:   sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution
TV
:   tumor volume
VIBE
:   volumetric interpolated brain examination" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node68489--5" data-node-nid="68489" id="top-node-68489--61605395853" data-pisa="ajnr;40/7/1140" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A6096" data-apath="/ajnr/40/7/1140.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Adult Brain</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Brain Tumor-Enhancement Visualization and Morphometric Assessment: A Comparison of MPRAGE, SPACE, and VIBE MRI Techniques</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">L. Danieli</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">G.C. Riccitelli</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">D. Distefano</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">E. Prodi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">E. Ventura</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">A. Cianfoni</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">A. Kaelin-Lang</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">M. Reinert</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">E. Pravatà</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">July 2019,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">40 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1140-1148; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6096 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-68489--61605395853" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L. Danieli </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Neuroradiology (L.D., D.D., E.P., E.V., A.C., E.P.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.%2BDanieli%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Danieli%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.%2BDanieli%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3098-9695" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for L. Danieli</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">G.C. Riccitelli </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Neurology (G.C.R., A.K.-L.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Neuroimaging Research Unit (G.C.R.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=G.C.%2BRiccitelli%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Riccitelli%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AG.C.%2BRiccitelli%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1202-5534" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for G.C. Riccitelli</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D. Distefano </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Neuroradiology (L.D., D.D., E.P., E.V., A.C., E.P.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.%2BDistefano%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Distefano%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.%2BDistefano%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7591-1314" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D. Distefano</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Prodi </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Neuroradiology (L.D., D.D., E.P., E.V., A.C., E.P.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BProdi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Prodi%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BProdi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1200-0465" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E. Prodi</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Ventura </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Neuroradiology (L.D., D.D., E.P., E.V., A.C., E.P.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BVentura%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ventura%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BVentura%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9029-6516" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E. Ventura</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. Cianfoni </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Neuroradiology (L.D., D.D., E.P., E.V., A.C., E.P.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Departments of Neuroradiology (A.C.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.%2BCianfoni%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cianfoni%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.%2BCianfoni%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9333-4912" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A. Cianfoni</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. Kaelin-Lang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Neurology (G.C.R., A.K.-L.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>Neurology (A.K.-L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>g</span>Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (A.K.-L., M.R.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.%2BKaelin-Lang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kaelin-Lang%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.%2BKaelin-Lang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5249-073X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A. Kaelin-Lang</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Reinert </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Neurosurgery (M.R.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>g</span>Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (A.K.-L., M.R.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BReinert%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Reinert%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BReinert%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0971-9543" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Reinert</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Pravatà </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Neuroradiology (L.D., D.D., E.P., E.V., A.C., E.P.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BPravat%C3%A0%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Pravat%C3%A0%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BPravat%25C3%25A0%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5225-2993" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E. Pravatà</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2 class="">REFERENCES</h2><ol class="cit-list ref-use-labels"><li><span class="ref-label">1.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1. in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-40.7.1140.1" data-doi="10.1097/00004728-198503000-00003"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
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</li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Gillies</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">RJ</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Kinahan</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">PE</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Hricak</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span></span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Radiomics: images are more than pictures, they are data</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Radiology</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">278</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">563</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">77</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.1148/radiol.2015151169</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>26579733</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1148/radiol.2015151169&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=26579733&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F40%2F7%2F1140.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li></ol></div></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 40</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 7 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Jul 2019 </div></div>
      
      
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Danieli</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Riccitelli</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Distefano</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Prodi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ventura</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cianfoni</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kaelin-Lang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Reinert</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pravatà</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jul 2019, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">40 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1140-1148; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A6096 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Danieli</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Riccitelli</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Distefano</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Prodi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ventura</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cianfoni</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kaelin-Lang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Reinert</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pravatà</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jul 2019, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">40 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1140-1148; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A6096 </span></div>
  
  
  
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