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<meta name="HW.identifier" content="/ajnr/41/1/49.atom" />
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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging of Nonenhancing T2 High-Signal-Intensity Lesions in Baseline and Posttreatment Glioblastoma: Temporal Change and Prognostic Value" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A6323" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2020-01-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2020 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The prognostic value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging on nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesions in patients with glioblastoma has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. We evaluated the temporal change and prognostic value for progression-free survival of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging–derived pharmacokinetic parameters on nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesions in patients with glioblastoma before and after standard treatment, including gross total surgical resection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 33 patients who were newly diagnosed with glioblastoma and treated with gross total surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide in a single institution. All patients underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging before surgery as a baseline and after completion of maximal surgical resection and concurrent chemoradiation therapy. On the whole nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesion, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging–derived pharmacokinetic parameters (volume transfer constant [ K trans], volume of extravascular extracellular space [ v e], and blood plasma volume [ vp ]) were calculated. The Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis was performed to determine the histogram features or percentage changes of pharmacokinetic parameters related to progression-free survival.

RESULTS: Baseline median K trans, baseline first quartile K trans, and posttreatment median K trans were significant independent variables, as determined by univariate analysis ( P  &lt; .05). By multivariate Cox regression analysis including methylation status of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, baseline median K trans was determined to be the significant independent variable and was negatively related to progression-free survival (hazard ratio = 1.48, P = .003).

CONCLUSIONS: Baseline median K trans from nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesions could be a potential prognostic imaging biomarker in patients undergoing gross total surgical resection followed by standard therapy for glioblastoma.

CCRT
:   concurrent chemoradiation therapy
DCE
:   dynamic contrast-enhanced
K trans
:   volume transfer constant
MGMT
:   O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase
PFS
:   progression-free survival
TMZ
:   temozolomide
ve 
:   volume of extravascular extracellular space
vp 
:   blood plasma volume" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="I. Hwang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.H. Choi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C.-K. Park" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="T.M. Kim" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.-H. Park" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.K. Won" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="I.H. Kim" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.-T. Lee" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R.-E. Yoo" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K.M. Kang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="T.J. Yun" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.-H. Kim" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C.-H. Sohn" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2020-01-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Adult Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging of Nonenhancing T2 High-Signal-Intensity Lesions in Baseline and Posttreatment Glioblastoma: Temporal Change and Prognostic Value" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The prognostic value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging on nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesions in patients with glioblastoma has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. We evaluated the temporal change and prognostic value for progression-free survival of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging–derived pharmacokinetic parameters on nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesions in patients with glioblastoma before and after standard treatment, including gross total surgical resection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This retrospective study included 33 patients who were newly diagnosed with glioblastoma and treated with gross total surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide in a single institution. All patients underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging before surgery as a baseline and after completion of maximal surgical resection and concurrent chemoradiation therapy. On the whole nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesion, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging–derived pharmacokinetic parameters (volume transfer constant [&lt;i&gt;K&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;trans&lt;/sup&gt;], volume of extravascular extracellular space [&lt;i&gt;v&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;,&lt;/sub&gt; and blood plasma volume [&lt;i&gt;v&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]) were calculated. The Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis was performed to determine the histogram features or percentage changes of pharmacokinetic parameters related to progression-free survival.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Baseline median &lt;i&gt;K&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;trans&lt;/sup&gt;, baseline first quartile &lt;i&gt;K&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;trans&lt;/sup&gt;, and posttreatment median &lt;i&gt;K&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;trans&lt;/sup&gt; were significant independent variables, as determined by univariate analysis (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt; .05). By multivariate Cox regression analysis including methylation status of O&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, baseline median &lt;i&gt;K&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;trans&lt;/sup&gt; was determined to be the significant independent variable and was negatively related to progression-free survival (hazard ratio = 1.48, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .003).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Baseline median &lt;i&gt;K&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;trans&lt;/sup&gt; from nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesions could be a potential prognostic imaging biomarker in patients undergoing gross total surgical resection followed by standard therapy for glioblastoma.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging of Nonenhancing T2 High-Signal-Intensity Lesions in Baseline and Posttreatment Glioblastoma: Temporal Change and Prognostic Value" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The prognostic value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging on nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesions in patients with glioblastoma has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. We evaluated the temporal change and prognostic value for progression-free survival of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging–derived pharmacokinetic parameters on nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesions in patients with glioblastoma before and after standard treatment, including gross total surgical resection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 33 patients who were newly diagnosed with glioblastoma and treated with gross total surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide in a single institution. All patients underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging before surgery as a baseline and after completion of maximal surgical resection and concurrent chemoradiation therapy. On the whole nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesion, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging–derived pharmacokinetic parameters (volume transfer constant [ K trans], volume of extravascular extracellular space [ v e], and blood plasma volume [ vp ]) were calculated. The Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis was performed to determine the histogram features or percentage changes of pharmacokinetic parameters related to progression-free survival.

RESULTS: Baseline median K trans, baseline first quartile K trans, and posttreatment median K trans were significant independent variables, as determined by univariate analysis ( P  &lt; .05). By multivariate Cox regression analysis including methylation status of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, baseline median K trans was determined to be the significant independent variable and was negatively related to progression-free survival (hazard ratio = 1.48, P = .003).

CONCLUSIONS: Baseline median K trans from nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesions could be a potential prognostic imaging biomarker in patients undergoing gross total surgical resection followed by standard therapy for glioblastoma.

CCRT
:   concurrent chemoradiation therapy
DCE
:   dynamic contrast-enhanced
K trans
:   volume transfer constant
MGMT
:   O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase
PFS
:   progression-free survival
TMZ
:   temozolomide
ve 
:   volume of extravascular extracellular space
vp 
:   blood plasma volume" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging of Nonenhancing T2 High-Signal-Intensity Lesions in Baseline and Posttreatment Glioblastoma: Temporal Change and Prognostic Value" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/41/1/49" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The prognostic value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging on nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesions in patients with glioblastoma has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. We evaluated the temporal change and prognostic value for progression-free survival of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging–derived pharmacokinetic parameters on nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesions in patients with glioblastoma before and after standard treatment, including gross total surgical resection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 33 patients who were newly diagnosed with glioblastoma and treated with gross total surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide in a single institution. All patients underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging before surgery as a baseline and after completion of maximal surgical resection and concurrent chemoradiation therapy. On the whole nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesion, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging–derived pharmacokinetic parameters (volume transfer constant [ K trans], volume of extravascular extracellular space [ v e], and blood plasma volume [ vp ]) were calculated. The Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis was performed to determine the histogram features or percentage changes of pharmacokinetic parameters related to progression-free survival.

RESULTS: Baseline median K trans, baseline first quartile K trans, and posttreatment median K trans were significant independent variables, as determined by univariate analysis ( P  &lt; .05). By multivariate Cox regression analysis including methylation status of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, baseline median K trans was determined to be the significant independent variable and was negatively related to progression-free survival (hazard ratio = 1.48, P = .003).

CONCLUSIONS: Baseline median K trans from nonenhancing T2 high-signal-intensity lesions could be a potential prognostic imaging biomarker in patients undergoing gross total surgical resection followed by standard therapy for glioblastoma.

CCRT
:   concurrent chemoradiation therapy
DCE
:   dynamic contrast-enhanced
K trans
:   volume transfer constant
MGMT
:   O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase
PFS
:   progression-free survival
TMZ
:   temozolomide
ve 
:   volume of extravascular extracellular space
vp 
:   blood plasma volume" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node72469--5" data-node-nid="72469" id="top-node-72469--6132691414" data-pisa="ajnr;41/1/49" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A6323" data-apath="/ajnr/41/1/49.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Adult Brain</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging of Nonenhancing T2 High-Signal-Intensity Lesions in Baseline and Posttreatment Glioblastoma: Temporal Change and Prognostic Value</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">I. Hwang</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">S.H. Choi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">C.-K. Park</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">T.M. Kim</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">S.-H. Park</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">J.K. Won</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">I.H. Kim</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">S.-T. Lee</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">R.-E. Yoo</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">K.M. Kang</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10">T.J. Yun</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11">J.-H. Kim</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12">C.-H. Sohn</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">January 2020,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">49-56; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6323 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-72469--6132691414" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">I. Hwang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (I.H., S.H.C., R.-E.Y., K.M.K., T.J.Y., J.-H.K., C.-H.S.), Center for Nanoparticle Research</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=I.%2BHwang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hwang%20I&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AI.%2BHwang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1291-8973" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for I. Hwang</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.H. Choi </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (I.H., S.H.C., R.-E.Y., K.M.K., T.J.Y., J.-H.K., C.-H.S.), Center for Nanoparticle Research</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Institute for Basic Science, and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering (S.H.C.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.H.%2BChoi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Choi%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.H.%2BChoi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0412-2270" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.H. Choi</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C.-K. Park </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Research Institute (P.C.-K.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.-K.%2BPark%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Park%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.-K.%2BPark%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2350-9876" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C.-K. Park</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">T.M. Kim </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Research Institute (T.M.K.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=T.M.%2BKim%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kim%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AT.M.%2BKim%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6145-4426" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for T.M. Kim</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.-H. Park </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Department of Pathology (S.-H.P., J.K.W.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.-H.%2BPark%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Park%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.-H.%2BPark%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8681-1597" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.-H. Park</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J.K. Won </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Department of Pathology (S.-H.P., J.K.W.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.K.%2BWon%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Won%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.K.%2BWon%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1459-8093" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J.K. Won</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">I.H. Kim </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>Department of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Research Institute (I.H.K.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=I.H.%2BKim%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kim%20I&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AI.H.%2BKim%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4755-5201" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for I.H. Kim</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.-T. Lee </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>g</span>Department of Neurology (S.-T.L.), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.-T.%2BLee%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lee%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.-T.%2BLee%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4767-7564" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.-T. Lee</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R.-E. Yoo </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (I.H., S.H.C., R.-E.Y., K.M.K., T.J.Y., J.-H.K., C.-H.S.), Center for Nanoparticle Research</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.-E.%2BYoo%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Yoo%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.-E.%2BYoo%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5625-5921" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R.-E. Yoo</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K.M. Kang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (I.H., S.H.C., R.-E.Y., K.M.K., T.J.Y., J.-H.K., C.-H.S.), Center for Nanoparticle Research</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.M.%2BKang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kang%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.M.%2BKang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9643-2008" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for K.M. Kang</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-10"><div class="author-tooltip-name">T.J. Yun </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (I.H., S.H.C., R.-E.Y., K.M.K., T.J.Y., J.-H.K., C.-H.S.), Center for Nanoparticle Research</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=T.J.%2BYun%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Yun%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AT.J.%2BYun%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8441-4574" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for T.J. 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Kim </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (I.H., S.H.C., R.-E.Y., K.M.K., T.J.Y., J.-H.K., C.-H.S.), Center for Nanoparticle Research</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.-H.%2BKim%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kim%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.-H.%2BKim%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6349-6950" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J.-H. Kim</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-12"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C.-H. Sohn </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (I.H., S.H.C., R.-E.Y., K.M.K., T.J.Y., J.-H.K., C.-H.S.), Center for Nanoparticle Research</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.-H.%2BSohn%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sohn%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.-H.%2BSohn%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-5746" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C.-H. 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 41</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 1 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Jan 2020 </div></div>
      
      
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jan 2020, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">49-56; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A6323 </span></div>
  
  
  
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