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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Characterization of MR Imaging–Visible Perivascular Spaces in the White Matter of Healthy Adolescents at 3T" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A6789" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2020-11-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Perivascular spaces play a role in cerebral waste removal and neuroinflammation. Our aim was to provide data regarding the burden of MR imaging–visible perivascular spaces in white matter in healthy adolescents using an automated segmentation method and to establish relationships between common demographic characteristics and perivascular space burden.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred eighteen 12- to 21-year-old subjects underwent T1- and T2-weighted 3T MR imaging as part of the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence. Perivascular spaces were identified in WM on T2-weighted imaging using a local heterogeneity approach coupled with morphologic constraints, and their spatial distribution and geometric characteristics were assessed.

RESULTS: MR imaging–visible perivascular spaces were identified in all subjects (range, 16–287). Males had a significantly higher number of perivascular spaces than females: males, mean, 98.4 ± 50.5, versus females, 70.7 ± 36.1, ( P  &lt; .01). Perivascular space burden was bilaterally symmetric ( r  &gt; 0.4, P  &lt; .01), and perivascular spaces were more common in the frontal and parietal lobes than in the temporal and occipital lobes ( P  &lt; .01). Age and pubertal status were not significantly associated with perivascular space burden.

CONCLUSIONS: Despite a wide range of burden, perivascular spaces are present in all healthy adolescents. Perivascular space burden is higher in adolescent males than in females, regardless of age and pubertal status. In this population, perivascular spaces are highly symmetric. Although widely reported as a feature of the aging brain, awareness of the presence of perivascular spaces in a cohort of healthy adolescents provides the foundation for further research regarding the role of these structural variants in health and disease.

CF
:   count fraction
NCANDA
:   National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence
PVS
:   perivascular space
VF
:   volume fraction" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Piantino" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E.L. Boespflug" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D.L. Schwartz" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Luther" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.M. Morales" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Lin" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R.V. Fossen" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L. Silbert" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B.J. Nagel" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2020-11-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Pediatrics" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Characterization of MR Imaging–Visible Perivascular Spaces in the White Matter of Healthy Adolescents at 3T" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Perivascular spaces play a role in cerebral waste removal and neuroinflammation. Our aim was to provide data regarding the burden of MR imaging–visible perivascular spaces in white matter in healthy adolescents using an automated segmentation method and to establish relationships between common demographic characteristics and perivascular space burden.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One hundred eighteen 12- to 21-year-old subjects underwent T1- and T2-weighted 3T MR imaging as part of the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence. Perivascular spaces were identified in WM on T2-weighted imaging using a local heterogeneity approach coupled with morphologic constraints, and their spatial distribution and geometric characteristics were assessed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;MR imaging–visible perivascular spaces were identified in all subjects (range, 16–287). Males had a significantly higher number of perivascular spaces than females: males, mean, 98.4 ± 50.5, versus females, 70.7 ± 36.1, (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt; .01). Perivascular space burden was bilaterally symmetric (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt; &amp;gt; 0.4, &lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt; .01), and perivascular spaces were more common in the frontal and parietal lobes than in the temporal and occipital lobes (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt; .01). Age and pubertal status were not significantly associated with perivascular space burden.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Despite a wide range of burden, perivascular spaces are present in all healthy adolescents. Perivascular space burden is higher in adolescent males than in females, regardless of age and pubertal status. In this population, perivascular spaces are highly symmetric. Although widely reported as a feature of the aging brain, awareness of the presence of perivascular spaces in a cohort of healthy adolescents provides the foundation for further research regarding the role of these structural variants in health and disease.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Characterization of MR Imaging–Visible Perivascular Spaces in the White Matter of Healthy Adolescents at 3T" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Perivascular spaces play a role in cerebral waste removal and neuroinflammation. Our aim was to provide data regarding the burden of MR imaging–visible perivascular spaces in white matter in healthy adolescents using an automated segmentation method and to establish relationships between common demographic characteristics and perivascular space burden.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred eighteen 12- to 21-year-old subjects underwent T1- and T2-weighted 3T MR imaging as part of the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence. Perivascular spaces were identified in WM on T2-weighted imaging using a local heterogeneity approach coupled with morphologic constraints, and their spatial distribution and geometric characteristics were assessed.

RESULTS: MR imaging–visible perivascular spaces were identified in all subjects (range, 16–287). Males had a significantly higher number of perivascular spaces than females: males, mean, 98.4 ± 50.5, versus females, 70.7 ± 36.1, ( P  &lt; .01). Perivascular space burden was bilaterally symmetric ( r  &gt; 0.4, P  &lt; .01), and perivascular spaces were more common in the frontal and parietal lobes than in the temporal and occipital lobes ( P  &lt; .01). Age and pubertal status were not significantly associated with perivascular space burden.

CONCLUSIONS: Despite a wide range of burden, perivascular spaces are present in all healthy adolescents. Perivascular space burden is higher in adolescent males than in females, regardless of age and pubertal status. In this population, perivascular spaces are highly symmetric. Although widely reported as a feature of the aging brain, awareness of the presence of perivascular spaces in a cohort of healthy adolescents provides the foundation for further research regarding the role of these structural variants in health and disease.

CF
:   count fraction
NCANDA
:   National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence
PVS
:   perivascular space
VF
:   volume fraction" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Characterization of MR Imaging–Visible Perivascular Spaces in the White Matter of Healthy Adolescents at 3T" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/41/11/2139" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Perivascular spaces play a role in cerebral waste removal and neuroinflammation. Our aim was to provide data regarding the burden of MR imaging–visible perivascular spaces in white matter in healthy adolescents using an automated segmentation method and to establish relationships between common demographic characteristics and perivascular space burden.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred eighteen 12- to 21-year-old subjects underwent T1- and T2-weighted 3T MR imaging as part of the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence. Perivascular spaces were identified in WM on T2-weighted imaging using a local heterogeneity approach coupled with morphologic constraints, and their spatial distribution and geometric characteristics were assessed.

RESULTS: MR imaging–visible perivascular spaces were identified in all subjects (range, 16–287). Males had a significantly higher number of perivascular spaces than females: males, mean, 98.4 ± 50.5, versus females, 70.7 ± 36.1, ( P  &lt; .01). Perivascular space burden was bilaterally symmetric ( r  &gt; 0.4, P  &lt; .01), and perivascular spaces were more common in the frontal and parietal lobes than in the temporal and occipital lobes ( P  &lt; .01). Age and pubertal status were not significantly associated with perivascular space burden.

CONCLUSIONS: Despite a wide range of burden, perivascular spaces are present in all healthy adolescents. Perivascular space burden is higher in adolescent males than in females, regardless of age and pubertal status. In this population, perivascular spaces are highly symmetric. Although widely reported as a feature of the aging brain, awareness of the presence of perivascular spaces in a cohort of healthy adolescents provides the foundation for further research regarding the role of these structural variants in health and disease.

CF
:   count fraction
NCANDA
:   National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence
PVS
:   perivascular space
VF
:   volume fraction" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node80896--5" data-node-nid="80896" id="top-node-80896--61633173080" data-pisa="ajnr;41/11/2139" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A6789" data-apath="/ajnr/41/11/2139.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Pediatrics</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Characterization of MR Imaging–Visible Perivascular Spaces in the White Matter of Healthy Adolescents at 3T</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">J. Piantino</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">E.L. Boespflug</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">D.L. Schwartz</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">M. Luther</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">A.M. Morales</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">A. Lin</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">R.V. Fossen</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">L. Silbert</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">B.J. Nagel</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">November 2020,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(11) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">2139-2145; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6789 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-80896--61633173080" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Piantino </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Pediatrics (J.P., M.L.), Division of Child Neurology, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BPiantino%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Piantino%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BPiantino%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8861-5709" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J. Piantino</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E.L. Boespflug </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Neurology (E.L.B., D.L.S., L.S.), Layton Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Center</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.L.%2BBoespflug%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Boespflug%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.L.%2BBoespflug%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2302-9522" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E.L. Boespflug</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D.L. Schwartz </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Neurology (E.L.B., D.L.S., L.S.), Layton Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Center</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Advanced Imaging Research Center (D.L.S.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.L.%2BSchwartz%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Schwartz%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.L.%2BSchwartz%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5578-8312" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D.L. Schwartz</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Luther </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Pediatrics (J.P., M.L.), Division of Child Neurology, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BLuther%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Luther%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BLuther%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1462-8689" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Luther</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.M. Morales </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Department of Psychiatry (A.M.M., R.V.F., B.J.N.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.M.%2BMorales%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Morales%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.M.%2BMorales%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1721-8578" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A.M. Morales</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. Lin </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Department of Emergency Medicine (A.L.), Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.%2BLin%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lin%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.%2BLin%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5542-1425" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A. Lin</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R.V. Fossen </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Department of Psychiatry (A.M.M., R.V.F., B.J.N.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.V.%2BFossen%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Fossen%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.V.%2BFossen%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6665-0490" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R.V. Fossen</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L. Silbert </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Neurology (E.L.B., D.L.S., L.S.), Layton Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Center</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>Department of Neurology (L.S.), Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.%2BSilbert%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Silbert%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.%2BSilbert%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4525-0068" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for L. Silbert</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">B.J. Nagel </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Department of Psychiatry (A.M.M., R.V.F., B.J.N.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=B.J.%2BNagel%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Nagel%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AB.J.%2BNagel%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6339-7453" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for B.J. 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2 class="">References</h2><ol class="cit-list ref-use-labels"><li><span class="ref-label">1.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1. in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-41.11.2139.1" data-doi="10.3233/JAD-132528"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Ramirez</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Berezuk</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">McNeely</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">AA</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Visible Virchow-Robin spaces on magnetic resonance imaging of Alzheimer's disease patients and normal elderly from the Sunnybrook Dementia Study</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Alzheimers Dis</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2014</span>;<span class="cit-vol">43</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">415</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">44</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.3233/JAD-132528</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>25096616</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.3233/JAD-132528&amp;link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=25096616&amp;link_type=MED&amp;atom=%2Fajnr%2F41%2F11%2F2139.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 41</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 11 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Nov 2020 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Characterization of MR Imaging–Visible Perivascular Spaces in the White Matter of Healthy Adolescents at 3T</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Piantino</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Boespflug</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Schwartz</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Luther</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Morales</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Lin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.V.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fossen</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Silbert</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Nagel</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Nov 2020, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(11) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">2139-2145; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A6789 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Characterization of MR Imaging–Visible Perivascular Spaces in the White Matter of Healthy Adolescents at 3T</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Piantino</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Boespflug</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Schwartz</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Luther</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Morales</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Lin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.V.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fossen</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Silbert</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Nagel</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Nov 2020, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(11) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">2139-2145; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A6789 </span></div>
  
  
  
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