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<meta name="DC.Language" content="en" />
<meta name="DC.Title" content="High Spatiotemporal Resolution 4D Flow MRI of Intracranial Aneurysms at 7T in 10 Minutes" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A6603" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2020-07-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2020 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with intracranial aneurysms may benefit from 4D flow MR imaging because the derived wall shear stress is considered a useful marker for risk assessment and growth of aneurysms. However, long scan times limit the clinical implementation of 4D flow MR imaging. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether highly accelerated, high resolution, 4D flow MR imaging at 7T provides reliable quantitative blood flow values in intracranial arteries and aneurysms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used pseudospiral Cartesian undersampling with compressed sensing reconstruction to achieve high spatiotemporal resolution (0.5 mm isotropic, ∼30 ms) in a scan time of 10 minutes. We analyzed the repeatability of accelerated 4D flow scans and compared flow rates, stroke volume, and the pulsatility index with 2D flow and conventional 4D flow MR imaging in a flow phantom and 15 healthy subjects. Additionally, accelerated 4D flow MR imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution was acquired in 5 patients with aneurysms to derive wall shear stress.

RESULTS: Flow-rate bias compared with 2D flow was lower for accelerated than for conventional 4D flow MR imaging (0.31 ± 0.13, P  = .22, versus 0.79 ± 0.17 mL/s, P  &lt; .01). Pulsatility index bias gave similar results. Stroke volume bias showed no difference for accelerated as well as for conventional 4D flow compared to 2D flow MR imaging. Repeatability for accelerated 4D flow was similar to that of 2D flow MR imaging. Increased temporal resolution for wall shear stress measurements in 5 intracranial aneurysms did not show a consistent effect for the wall shear stress but did show an effect for the oscillatory shear index.

CONCLUSIONS: Highly accelerated high spatiotemporal resolution 4D flow MR imaging at 7T in intracranial arteries and aneurysms provides repeatable and accurate quantitative flow values. Flow rate accuracy is significantly increased compared with conventional 4D flow scans.

CS
:   compressed sensing
Ncard
:   number of reconstructed cardiac timeframes
OSI
:   oscillatory shear index
PROUD
:   PROspective Undersampling in multiple Dimensions
R
:   acceleration factor
SENSE
:   sensitivity encoding
UIA
:   unruptured intracranial aneurysm
WSS
:   wall shear stress
WSSPS
:   peak systolic WSS
WSSTA
:   time-averaged WSS" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L.M. Gottwald" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Töger" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K. Markenroth Bloch" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E.S. Peper" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B.F. Coolen" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G.J. Strijkers" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P. van Ooij" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.J. Nederveen" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2020-07-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Adult Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="High Spatiotemporal Resolution 4D Flow MRI of Intracranial Aneurysms at 7T in 10 Minutes" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Patients with intracranial aneurysms may benefit from 4D flow MR imaging because the derived wall shear stress is considered a useful marker for risk assessment and growth of aneurysms. However, long scan times limit the clinical implementation of 4D flow MR imaging. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether highly accelerated, high resolution, 4D flow MR imaging at 7T provides reliable quantitative blood flow values in intracranial arteries and aneurysms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We used pseudospiral Cartesian undersampling with compressed sensing reconstruction to achieve high spatiotemporal resolution (0.5 mm isotropic, ∼30 ms) in a scan time of 10 minutes. We analyzed the repeatability of accelerated 4D flow scans and compared flow rates, stroke volume, and the pulsatility index with 2D flow and conventional 4D flow MR imaging in a flow phantom and 15 healthy subjects. Additionally, accelerated 4D flow MR imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution was acquired in 5 patients with aneurysms to derive wall shear stress.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Flow-rate bias compared with 2D flow was lower for accelerated than for conventional 4D flow MR imaging (0.31 ± 0.13, &lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;= .22, versus 0.79 ± 0.17 mL/s, &lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt; .01). Pulsatility index bias gave similar results. Stroke volume bias showed no difference for accelerated as well as for conventional 4D flow compared to 2D flow MR imaging. Repeatability for accelerated 4D flow was similar to that of 2D flow MR imaging. Increased temporal resolution for wall shear stress measurements in 5 intracranial aneurysms did not show a consistent effect for the wall shear stress but did show an effect for the oscillatory shear index.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Highly accelerated high spatiotemporal resolution 4D flow MR imaging at 7T in intracranial arteries and aneurysms provides repeatable and accurate quantitative flow values. Flow rate accuracy is significantly increased compared with conventional 4D flow scans.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_issn" content="0195-6108" />
<meta name="citation_issn" content="1936-959X" />
<meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3174/ajnr.A6603" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="L.M. Gottwald" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="aFrom the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (L.M.G., E.S.P., P.v.O., A.J.N.)" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="J. Töger" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="cDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology (J.T.), Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="K. Markenroth Bloch" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="High Spatiotemporal Resolution 4D Flow MRI of Intracranial Aneurysms at 7T in 10 Minutes" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with intracranial aneurysms may benefit from 4D flow MR imaging because the derived wall shear stress is considered a useful marker for risk assessment and growth of aneurysms. However, long scan times limit the clinical implementation of 4D flow MR imaging. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether highly accelerated, high resolution, 4D flow MR imaging at 7T provides reliable quantitative blood flow values in intracranial arteries and aneurysms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used pseudospiral Cartesian undersampling with compressed sensing reconstruction to achieve high spatiotemporal resolution (0.5 mm isotropic, ∼30 ms) in a scan time of 10 minutes. We analyzed the repeatability of accelerated 4D flow scans and compared flow rates, stroke volume, and the pulsatility index with 2D flow and conventional 4D flow MR imaging in a flow phantom and 15 healthy subjects. Additionally, accelerated 4D flow MR imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution was acquired in 5 patients with aneurysms to derive wall shear stress.

RESULTS: Flow-rate bias compared with 2D flow was lower for accelerated than for conventional 4D flow MR imaging (0.31 ± 0.13, P  = .22, versus 0.79 ± 0.17 mL/s, P  &lt; .01). Pulsatility index bias gave similar results. Stroke volume bias showed no difference for accelerated as well as for conventional 4D flow compared to 2D flow MR imaging. Repeatability for accelerated 4D flow was similar to that of 2D flow MR imaging. Increased temporal resolution for wall shear stress measurements in 5 intracranial aneurysms did not show a consistent effect for the wall shear stress but did show an effect for the oscillatory shear index.

CONCLUSIONS: Highly accelerated high spatiotemporal resolution 4D flow MR imaging at 7T in intracranial arteries and aneurysms provides repeatable and accurate quantitative flow values. Flow rate accuracy is significantly increased compared with conventional 4D flow scans.

CS
:   compressed sensing
Ncard
:   number of reconstructed cardiac timeframes
OSI
:   oscillatory shear index
PROUD
:   PROspective Undersampling in multiple Dimensions
R
:   acceleration factor
SENSE
:   sensitivity encoding
UIA
:   unruptured intracranial aneurysm
WSS
:   wall shear stress
WSSPS
:   peak systolic WSS
WSSTA
:   time-averaged WSS" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="High Spatiotemporal Resolution 4D Flow MRI of Intracranial Aneurysms at 7T in 10 Minutes" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/41/7/1201" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with intracranial aneurysms may benefit from 4D flow MR imaging because the derived wall shear stress is considered a useful marker for risk assessment and growth of aneurysms. However, long scan times limit the clinical implementation of 4D flow MR imaging. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether highly accelerated, high resolution, 4D flow MR imaging at 7T provides reliable quantitative blood flow values in intracranial arteries and aneurysms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used pseudospiral Cartesian undersampling with compressed sensing reconstruction to achieve high spatiotemporal resolution (0.5 mm isotropic, ∼30 ms) in a scan time of 10 minutes. We analyzed the repeatability of accelerated 4D flow scans and compared flow rates, stroke volume, and the pulsatility index with 2D flow and conventional 4D flow MR imaging in a flow phantom and 15 healthy subjects. Additionally, accelerated 4D flow MR imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution was acquired in 5 patients with aneurysms to derive wall shear stress.

RESULTS: Flow-rate bias compared with 2D flow was lower for accelerated than for conventional 4D flow MR imaging (0.31 ± 0.13, P  = .22, versus 0.79 ± 0.17 mL/s, P  &lt; .01). Pulsatility index bias gave similar results. Stroke volume bias showed no difference for accelerated as well as for conventional 4D flow compared to 2D flow MR imaging. Repeatability for accelerated 4D flow was similar to that of 2D flow MR imaging. Increased temporal resolution for wall shear stress measurements in 5 intracranial aneurysms did not show a consistent effect for the wall shear stress but did show an effect for the oscillatory shear index.

CONCLUSIONS: Highly accelerated high spatiotemporal resolution 4D flow MR imaging at 7T in intracranial arteries and aneurysms provides repeatable and accurate quantitative flow values. Flow rate accuracy is significantly increased compared with conventional 4D flow scans.

CS
:   compressed sensing
Ncard
:   number of reconstructed cardiac timeframes
OSI
:   oscillatory shear index
PROUD
:   PROspective Undersampling in multiple Dimensions
R
:   acceleration factor
SENSE
:   sensitivity encoding
UIA
:   unruptured intracranial aneurysm
WSS
:   wall shear stress
WSSPS
:   peak systolic WSS
WSSTA
:   time-averaged WSS" />
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">July 2020,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1201-1208; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6603 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-76581--61610529165" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L.M. Gottwald </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (L.M.G., E.S.P., P.v.O., A.J.N.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.M.%2BGottwald%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gottwald%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.M.%2BGottwald%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7394-821X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for L.M. Gottwald</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Töger </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Diagnostic Radiology (J.T.), Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BT%C3%B6ger%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=T%C3%B6ger%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BT%25C3%25B6ger%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3365-7282" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J. Töger</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K. Markenroth Bloch </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Lund University Bioimaging Center (K.M.B.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.%2BMarkenroth%2BBloch%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Markenroth%20Bloch%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.%2BMarkenroth%2BBloch%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3310-6667" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for K. Markenroth Bloch</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E.S. Peper </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (L.M.G., E.S.P., P.v.O., A.J.N.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.S.%2BPeper%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Peper%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.S.%2BPeper%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6571-3341" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E.S. Peper</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">B.F. Coolen </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Biomedical Engineering and Physics (B.F.C., G.J.S.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=B.F.%2BCoolen%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Coolen%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AB.F.%2BCoolen%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-653X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for B.F. 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Strijkers </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Biomedical Engineering and Physics (B.F.C., G.J.S.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=G.J.%2BStrijkers%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Strijkers%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AG.J.%2BStrijkers%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6700-5058" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for G.J. Strijkers</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">P. van Ooij </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (L.M.G., E.S.P., P.v.O., A.J.N.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=P.%2Bvan%2BOoij%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=van%20Ooij%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AP.%2Bvan%2BOoij%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8755-0192" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for P. van Ooij</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.J. 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                  		-
                  		Streamlines over the cardiac cycle of all 5 UIA patients to visualize blood flow
                  patterns in the aneurysms (red arrows). The abbreviation under the patient number
                  indicates the location of the aneurysm and their diameter. MCA: middle cerebral artery,
                  ICA: internal carotid artery, ACOM: anterior communicating artery
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 41</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 7 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Jul 2020 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">High Spatiotemporal Resolution 4D Flow MRI of Intracranial Aneurysms at 7T in 10 Minutes</div>  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jul 2020, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1201-1208; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A6603 </span></div>
  
  
  
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