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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Variable Refocusing Flip Angle Single-Shot Imaging for Sedation-Free Fast Brain MRI" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A6616" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2020-07-01" />
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<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2020 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Conventional single-shot FSE commonly used for fast MRI may be suboptimal for brain evaluation due to poor image contrast, SNR, or image blurring. We investigated the clinical performance of variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE, a variation of single-shot FSE with lower radiofrequency energy deposition and potentially faster acquisition time, as an alternative approach to fast brain MR imaging.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively compared half-Fourier single-shot FSE with half- and full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE in 30 children. Three readers reviewed images for motion artifacts, image sharpness at the brain-fluid interface, and image sharpness/tissue contrast at gray-white differentiation on a modified 5-point Likert scale. Two readers also evaluated full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE against T2-FSE for brain lesion detectability in 38 children.

RESULTS: Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE sequences showed more motion artifacts ( P  &lt; .001). Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE sequences scored higher regarding image sharpness at brain-fluid interfaces ( P  &lt; .001) and gray-white differentiation ( P  &lt; .001). Acquisition times for half- and full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE were faster than for single-shot FSE ( P  &lt; .001) with a 53% and 47% reduction, respectively. Intermodality agreement between full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE and T2-FSE findings was near-perfect (κ = 0.90, κ = 0.95), with an 8% discordance rate for ground truth lesion detection.

CONCLUSIONS: Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE achieved 2× faster scan times than single-shot FSE with improved image sharpness at brain-fluid interfaces and gray-white differentiation. Such improvements are likely attributed to a combination of improved contrast, spatial resolution, SNR, and reduced T2-decay associated with blurring. While variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE may be a useful alternative to single-shot FSE and, potentially, T2-FSE when faster scan times are desired, motion artifacts were more common in variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE, and, thus, they remain an important consideration before clinical implementation.

SSFSE
:   single-shot FSE
vrfSSFSE
:   variable refocusing single-shot FSE" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Jabarkheel" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Tong" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E.H. Lee" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="T.M. Cullen" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="U. Yousaf" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.M. Loening" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="V. Taviani" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Michael Iv" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G.A. Grant" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.J. Holdsworth" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.S. Vasanawala" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K.W. Yeom" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2020-07-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Pediatrics" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Variable Refocusing Flip Angle Single-Shot Imaging for Sedation-Free Fast Brain MRI" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Conventional single-shot FSE commonly used for fast MRI may be suboptimal for brain evaluation due to poor image contrast, SNR, or image blurring. We investigated the clinical performance of variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE, a variation of single-shot FSE with lower radiofrequency energy deposition and potentially faster acquisition time, as an alternative approach to fast brain MR imaging.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We retrospectively compared half-Fourier single-shot FSE with half- and full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE in 30 children. Three readers reviewed images for motion artifacts, image sharpness at the brain-fluid interface, and image sharpness/tissue contrast at gray-white differentiation on a modified 5-point Likert scale. Two readers also evaluated full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE against T2-FSE for brain lesion detectability in 38 children.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE sequences showed more motion artifacts (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt; .001). Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE sequences scored higher regarding image sharpness at brain-fluid interfaces (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt; .001) and gray-white differentiation (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt; .001). Acquisition times for half- and full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE were faster than for single-shot FSE (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt; .001) with a 53% and 47% reduction, respectively. Intermodality agreement between full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE and T2-FSE findings was near-perfect (κ = 0.90, κ = 0.95), with an 8% discordance rate for ground truth lesion detection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE achieved 2× faster scan times than single-shot FSE with improved image sharpness at brain-fluid interfaces and gray-white differentiation. Such improvements are likely attributed to a combination of improved contrast, spatial resolution, SNR, and reduced T2-decay associated with blurring. While variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE may be a useful alternative to single-shot FSE and, potentially, T2-FSE when faster scan times are desired, motion artifacts were more common in variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE, and, thus, they remain an important consideration before clinical implementation.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2020/07/01" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="R. Jabarkheel" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Variable Refocusing Flip Angle Single-Shot Imaging for Sedation-Free Fast Brain MRI" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Conventional single-shot FSE commonly used for fast MRI may be suboptimal for brain evaluation due to poor image contrast, SNR, or image blurring. We investigated the clinical performance of variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE, a variation of single-shot FSE with lower radiofrequency energy deposition and potentially faster acquisition time, as an alternative approach to fast brain MR imaging.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively compared half-Fourier single-shot FSE with half- and full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE in 30 children. Three readers reviewed images for motion artifacts, image sharpness at the brain-fluid interface, and image sharpness/tissue contrast at gray-white differentiation on a modified 5-point Likert scale. Two readers also evaluated full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE against T2-FSE for brain lesion detectability in 38 children.

RESULTS: Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE sequences showed more motion artifacts ( P  &lt; .001). Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE sequences scored higher regarding image sharpness at brain-fluid interfaces ( P  &lt; .001) and gray-white differentiation ( P  &lt; .001). Acquisition times for half- and full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE were faster than for single-shot FSE ( P  &lt; .001) with a 53% and 47% reduction, respectively. Intermodality agreement between full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE and T2-FSE findings was near-perfect (κ = 0.90, κ = 0.95), with an 8% discordance rate for ground truth lesion detection.

CONCLUSIONS: Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE achieved 2× faster scan times than single-shot FSE with improved image sharpness at brain-fluid interfaces and gray-white differentiation. Such improvements are likely attributed to a combination of improved contrast, spatial resolution, SNR, and reduced T2-decay associated with blurring. While variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE may be a useful alternative to single-shot FSE and, potentially, T2-FSE when faster scan times are desired, motion artifacts were more common in variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE, and, thus, they remain an important consideration before clinical implementation.

SSFSE
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vrfSSFSE
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<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Variable Refocusing Flip Angle Single-Shot Imaging for Sedation-Free Fast Brain MRI" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/41/7/1256" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Conventional single-shot FSE commonly used for fast MRI may be suboptimal for brain evaluation due to poor image contrast, SNR, or image blurring. We investigated the clinical performance of variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE, a variation of single-shot FSE with lower radiofrequency energy deposition and potentially faster acquisition time, as an alternative approach to fast brain MR imaging.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively compared half-Fourier single-shot FSE with half- and full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE in 30 children. Three readers reviewed images for motion artifacts, image sharpness at the brain-fluid interface, and image sharpness/tissue contrast at gray-white differentiation on a modified 5-point Likert scale. Two readers also evaluated full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE against T2-FSE for brain lesion detectability in 38 children.

RESULTS: Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE sequences showed more motion artifacts ( P  &lt; .001). Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE sequences scored higher regarding image sharpness at brain-fluid interfaces ( P  &lt; .001) and gray-white differentiation ( P  &lt; .001). Acquisition times for half- and full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE were faster than for single-shot FSE ( P  &lt; .001) with a 53% and 47% reduction, respectively. Intermodality agreement between full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE and T2-FSE findings was near-perfect (κ = 0.90, κ = 0.95), with an 8% discordance rate for ground truth lesion detection.

CONCLUSIONS: Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE achieved 2× faster scan times than single-shot FSE with improved image sharpness at brain-fluid interfaces and gray-white differentiation. Such improvements are likely attributed to a combination of improved contrast, spatial resolution, SNR, and reduced T2-decay associated with blurring. While variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE may be a useful alternative to single-shot FSE and, potentially, T2-FSE when faster scan times are desired, motion artifacts were more common in variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE, and, thus, they remain an important consideration before clinical implementation.

SSFSE
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node76572--5" data-node-nid="76572" id="top-node-76572--6761015298" data-pisa="ajnr;41/7/1256" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A6616" data-apath="/ajnr/41/7/1256.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Pediatrics</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Variable Refocusing Flip Angle Single-Shot Imaging for Sedation-Free Fast Brain MRI</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">R. Jabarkheel</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">E. Tong</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">E.H. Lee</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">T.M. Cullen</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">U. Yousaf</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">A.M. Loening</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">V. Taviani</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">Michael Iv</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">G.A. Grant</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">S.J. Holdsworth</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10">S.S. Vasanawala</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11">K.W. Yeom</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">July 2020,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1256-1262; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6616 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-76572--6761015298" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R. Jabarkheel </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Stanford University School of Medicine (R.J.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.%2BJabarkheel%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Jabarkheel%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.%2BJabarkheel%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7643-2622" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R. Jabarkheel</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Tong </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Departments of Radiology (E.T., A.M.L., V.T., M.I.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BTong%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Tong%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BTong%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9550-8178" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E. Tong</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E.H. Lee </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Electrical Engineering (E.H.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.H.%2BLee%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lee%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.H.%2BLee%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2802-0786" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E.H. Lee</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">T.M. Cullen </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Department of Radiology (T.M.C., U.Y., S.S.V., K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=T.M.%2BCullen%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cullen%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AT.M.%2BCullen%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7398-5790" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for T.M. Cullen</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">U. Yousaf </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Department of Radiology (T.M.C., U.Y., S.S.V., K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=U.%2BYousaf%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Yousaf%20U&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AU.%2BYousaf%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4716-1421" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for U. Yousaf</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.M. Loening </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Departments of Radiology (E.T., A.M.L., V.T., M.I.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.M.%2BLoening%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Loening%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.M.%2BLoening%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3316-7467" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A.M. Loening</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">V. Taviani </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Departments of Radiology (E.T., A.M.L., V.T., M.I.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=V.%2BTaviani%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Taviani%20V&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AV.%2BTaviani%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4537-3823" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for V. Taviani</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Michael Iv </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Departments of Radiology (E.T., A.M.L., V.T., M.I.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Michael%2BIv%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Iv%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AMichael%2BIv%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6794-7213" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Michael Iv</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">G.A. Grant </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Neurosurgery (G.A.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=G.A.%2BGrant%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Grant%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AG.A.%2BGrant%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2651-4603" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for G.A. Grant</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.J. Holdsworth </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research (S.J.H.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.J.%2BHoldsworth%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Holdsworth%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.J.%2BHoldsworth%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2929-1169" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.J. 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Vasanawala </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Department of Radiology (T.M.C., U.Y., S.S.V., K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.S.%2BVasanawala%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Vasanawala%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.S.%2BVasanawala%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1999-6595" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.S. 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Yeom </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Department of Radiology (T.M.C., U.Y., S.S.V., K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.W.%2BYeom%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Yeom%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.W.%2BYeom%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9860-3368" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for K.W. 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 41</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 7 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Jul 2020 </div></div>
      
      
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jul 2020, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1256-1262; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A6616 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jul 2020, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(7) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1256-1262; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A6616 </span></div>
  
  
  
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