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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Deep Learning for Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumor Detection and Classification: A Multi-Institutional Study" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A6704" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2020-09-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2020 by American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="restricted" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Posterior fossa tumors are the most common pediatric brain tumors. MR imaging is key to tumor detection, diagnosis, and therapy guidance. We sought to develop an MR imaging–based deep learning model for posterior fossa tumor detection and tumor pathology classification.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study cohort comprised 617 children (median age, 92 months; 56% males) from 5 pediatric institutions with posterior fossa tumors: diffuse midline glioma of the pons ( n = 122), medulloblastoma ( n = 272), pilocytic astrocytoma ( n = 135), and ependymoma ( n = 88). There were 199 controls. Tumor histology served as ground truth except for diffuse midline glioma of the pons, which was primarily diagnosed by MR imaging. A modified ResNeXt-50-32x4d architecture served as the backbone for a multitask classifier model, using T2-weighted MRIs as input to detect the presence of tumor and predict tumor class. Deep learning model performance was compared against that of 4 radiologists.

RESULTS: Model tumor detection accuracy exceeded an AUROC of 0.99 and was similar to that of 4 radiologists. Model tumor classification accuracy was 92% with an F1 score of 0.80. The model was most accurate at predicting diffuse midline glioma of the pons, followed by pilocytic astrocytoma and medulloblastoma. Ependymoma prediction was the least accurate. Tumor type classification accuracy and F1 score were higher than those of 2 of the 4 radiologists.

CONCLUSIONS: We present a multi-institutional deep learning model for pediatric posterior fossa tumor detection and classification with the potential to augment and improve the accuracy of radiologic diagnosis.

PF
:   posterior fossa
EVD
:   external ventricular drain
CAMs
:   class activation maps
DMG
:   diffuse midline glioma of the pons
EP
:   ependymoma
MB
:   medulloblastoma
PA
:   pilocytic astrocytoma
PF
:   posterior fossa
ROC
:   receiver operating characteristic
t-SNE
:   t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.L. Quon" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="W. Bala" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L.C. Chen" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Wright" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L.H. Kim" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Han" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K. Shpanskaya" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E.H. Lee" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Tong" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Iv" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Seekins" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M.P. Lungren" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K.R.M. Braun" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="T.Y. Poussaint" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Laughlin" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M.D. Taylor" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R.M. Lober" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="H. Vogel" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P.G. Fisher" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G.A. Grant" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="V. Ramaswamy" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="N.A. Vitanza" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C.Y. Ho" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M.S.B. Edwards" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.H. Cheshier" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K.W. Yeom" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2020-09-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Pediatrics" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Deep Learning for Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumor Detection and Classification: A Multi-Institutional Study" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Posterior fossa tumors are the most common pediatric brain tumors. MR imaging is key to tumor detection, diagnosis, and therapy guidance. We sought to develop an MR imaging–based deep learning model for posterior fossa tumor detection and tumor pathology classification.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The study cohort comprised 617 children (median age, 92 months; 56% males) from 5 pediatric institutions with posterior fossa tumors: diffuse midline glioma of the pons (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 122), medulloblastoma (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 272), pilocytic astrocytoma (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 135), and ependymoma (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 88). There were 199 controls. Tumor histology served as ground truth except for diffuse midline glioma of the pons, which was primarily diagnosed by MR imaging. A modified ResNeXt-50-32x4d architecture served as the backbone for a multitask classifier model, using T2-weighted MRIs as input to detect the presence of tumor and predict tumor class. Deep learning model performance was compared against that of 4 radiologists.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Model tumor detection accuracy exceeded an AUROC of 0.99 and was similar to that of 4 radiologists. Model tumor classification accuracy was 92% with an F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; score of 0.80. The model was most accurate at predicting diffuse midline glioma of the pons, followed by pilocytic astrocytoma and medulloblastoma. Ependymoma prediction was the least accurate. Tumor type classification accuracy and F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; score were higher than those of 2 of the 4 radiologists.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We present a multi-institutional deep learning model for pediatric posterior fossa tumor detection and classification with the potential to augment and improve the accuracy of radiologic diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="J.L. Quon" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="aFrom the Departments of Neurosurgery (J.L.Q., G.A.G., M.S.B.E.)" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="W. Bala" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Deep Learning for Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumor Detection and Classification: A Multi-Institutional Study" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Posterior fossa tumors are the most common pediatric brain tumors. MR imaging is key to tumor detection, diagnosis, and therapy guidance. We sought to develop an MR imaging–based deep learning model for posterior fossa tumor detection and tumor pathology classification.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study cohort comprised 617 children (median age, 92 months; 56% males) from 5 pediatric institutions with posterior fossa tumors: diffuse midline glioma of the pons ( n = 122), medulloblastoma ( n = 272), pilocytic astrocytoma ( n = 135), and ependymoma ( n = 88). There were 199 controls. Tumor histology served as ground truth except for diffuse midline glioma of the pons, which was primarily diagnosed by MR imaging. A modified ResNeXt-50-32x4d architecture served as the backbone for a multitask classifier model, using T2-weighted MRIs as input to detect the presence of tumor and predict tumor class. Deep learning model performance was compared against that of 4 radiologists.

RESULTS: Model tumor detection accuracy exceeded an AUROC of 0.99 and was similar to that of 4 radiologists. Model tumor classification accuracy was 92% with an F1 score of 0.80. The model was most accurate at predicting diffuse midline glioma of the pons, followed by pilocytic astrocytoma and medulloblastoma. Ependymoma prediction was the least accurate. Tumor type classification accuracy and F1 score were higher than those of 2 of the 4 radiologists.

CONCLUSIONS: We present a multi-institutional deep learning model for pediatric posterior fossa tumor detection and classification with the potential to augment and improve the accuracy of radiologic diagnosis.

PF
:   posterior fossa
EVD
:   external ventricular drain
CAMs
:   class activation maps
DMG
:   diffuse midline glioma of the pons
EP
:   ependymoma
MB
:   medulloblastoma
PA
:   pilocytic astrocytoma
PF
:   posterior fossa
ROC
:   receiver operating characteristic
t-SNE
:   t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Deep Learning for Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumor Detection and Classification: A Multi-Institutional Study" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/41/9/1718" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Posterior fossa tumors are the most common pediatric brain tumors. MR imaging is key to tumor detection, diagnosis, and therapy guidance. We sought to develop an MR imaging–based deep learning model for posterior fossa tumor detection and tumor pathology classification.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study cohort comprised 617 children (median age, 92 months; 56% males) from 5 pediatric institutions with posterior fossa tumors: diffuse midline glioma of the pons ( n = 122), medulloblastoma ( n = 272), pilocytic astrocytoma ( n = 135), and ependymoma ( n = 88). There were 199 controls. Tumor histology served as ground truth except for diffuse midline glioma of the pons, which was primarily diagnosed by MR imaging. A modified ResNeXt-50-32x4d architecture served as the backbone for a multitask classifier model, using T2-weighted MRIs as input to detect the presence of tumor and predict tumor class. Deep learning model performance was compared against that of 4 radiologists.

RESULTS: Model tumor detection accuracy exceeded an AUROC of 0.99 and was similar to that of 4 radiologists. Model tumor classification accuracy was 92% with an F1 score of 0.80. The model was most accurate at predicting diffuse midline glioma of the pons, followed by pilocytic astrocytoma and medulloblastoma. Ependymoma prediction was the least accurate. Tumor type classification accuracy and F1 score were higher than those of 2 of the 4 radiologists.

CONCLUSIONS: We present a multi-institutional deep learning model for pediatric posterior fossa tumor detection and classification with the potential to augment and improve the accuracy of radiologic diagnosis.

PF
:   posterior fossa
EVD
:   external ventricular drain
CAMs
:   class activation maps
DMG
:   diffuse midline glioma of the pons
EP
:   ependymoma
MB
:   medulloblastoma
PA
:   pilocytic astrocytoma
PF
:   posterior fossa
ROC
:   receiver operating characteristic
t-SNE
:   t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding" />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Deep Learning for Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumor Detection and Classification: A Multi-Institutional Study</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">J.L. Quon</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">W. Bala</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">L.C. Chen</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">J. Wright</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">L.H. Kim</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">M. Han</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">K. Shpanskaya</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">E.H. Lee</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">E. Tong</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">M. Iv</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10">J. Seekins</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11">M.P. Lungren</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12">K.R.M. Braun</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13">T.Y. Poussaint</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="14">S. Laughlin</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="15">M.D. Taylor</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="16">R.M. Lober</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="17">H. Vogel</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="18">P.G. Fisher</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="19">G.A. Grant</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="20">V. Ramaswamy</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="21">N.A. Vitanza</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="22">C.Y. Ho</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="23">M.S.B. Edwards</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="24">S.H. Cheshier</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="25">K.W. Yeom</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">September 2020,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1718-1725; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6704 </span></div>
  
  
  
</div>
<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-78283--61768531659" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J.L. Quon </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Neurosurgery (J.L.Q., G.A.G., M.S.B.E.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.L.%2BQuon%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Quon%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.L.%2BQuon%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1202-5881" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J.L. Quon</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">W. Bala </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Department of Radiology (W.B., J.S., M.P.L., K.W.Y.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=W.%2BBala%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bala%20W&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AW.%2BBala%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9702-4863" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for W. Bala</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L.C. Chen </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>g</span>Department of Urology (L.C.C.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.C.%2BChen%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Chen%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.C.%2BChen%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4089-1173" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for L.C. Chen</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Wright </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>i</span>Department of Radiology (J.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BWright%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wright%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BWright%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6676-8253" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J. Wright</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L.H. Kim </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>h</span>Stanford University School of Medicine (L.H.K., M.H., K.S.), Stanford, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.H.%2BKim%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kim%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.H.%2BKim%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9272-019X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for L.H. Kim</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Han </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>h</span>Stanford University School of Medicine (L.H.K., M.H., K.S.), Stanford, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BHan%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Han%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BHan%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2812-6193" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Han</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K. Shpanskaya </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>h</span>Stanford University School of Medicine (L.H.K., M.H., K.S.), Stanford, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.%2BShpanskaya%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Shpanskaya%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.%2BShpanskaya%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2741-4046" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for K. Shpanskaya</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E.H. Lee </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Electrical Engineering (E.H.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.H.%2BLee%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lee%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.H.%2BLee%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2802-0786" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E.H. Lee</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Tong </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Radiology (E.T., M.I.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BTong%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Tong%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BTong%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9550-8178" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E. Tong</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Iv </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Radiology (E.T., M.I.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BIv%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Iv%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BIv%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6794-7213" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Iv</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-10"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Seekins </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Department of Radiology (W.B., J.S., M.P.L., K.W.Y.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BSeekins%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Seekins%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BSeekins%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5698-0840" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J. Seekins</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-11"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M.P. Lungren </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Department of Radiology (W.B., J.S., M.P.L., K.W.Y.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.P.%2BLungren%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lungren%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.P.%2BLungren%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-5861" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M.P. Lungren</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-12"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K.R.M. Braun </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>j</span>Departments of Clinical Radiology & Imaging Sciences (K.R.M.B., C.Y.H.), Riley Children's Hospital, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.R.M.%2BBraun%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Braun%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.R.M.%2BBraun%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4804-1218" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for K.R.M. Braun</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-13"><div class="author-tooltip-name">T.Y. Poussaint </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>k</span>Departments of Radiology (T.Y.P.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=T.Y.%2BPoussaint%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Poussaint%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AT.Y.%2BPoussaint%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0814-0791" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for T.Y. Poussaint</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-14"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Laughlin </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>l</span>Departments of diagnostic Imaging (S.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BLaughlin%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Laughlin%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BLaughlin%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9972-5858" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Laughlin</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-15"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M.D. Taylor </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>m</span>and Neurosurgery (M.D.T.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.D.%2BTaylor%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Taylor%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.D.%2BTaylor%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7009-3466" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M.D. Taylor</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-16"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R.M. Lober </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>o</span>Department of Neurosurgery (R.M.L.), Dayton Children's Hospital, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.M.%2BLober%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lober%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.M.%2BLober%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0824-0274" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R.M. Lober</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-17"><div class="author-tooltip-name">H. 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 41</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 9 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Sep 2020 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Deep Learning for Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumor Detection and Classification: A Multi-Institutional Study</div>  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Sep 2020, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1718-1725; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A6704 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Sep 2020, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1718-1725; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A6704 </span></div>
  
  
  
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