Diagnosing Carotid Near-Occlusion with Phase-Contrast MRI

E. Johansson; L. Zarrinkoob; A. Wåhlin; A. Eklund; J. Malm

doi:10.3174/ajnr.A7076

Abstract

SUMMARY: Carotid near-occlusion is a frequently overlooked diagnosis when CTA examinations are assessed in routine practice. To evaluate the potential value of phase-contrast MR imaging in identifying near-occlusion, we examined 9 carotid near-occlusions and 20 cases of conventional ≥50% carotid stenosis (mean stenosis degree, 65%) with phase-contrast MR imaging. Mean ICA flow was lower in near-occlusions (52 mL/min) than in conventional ≥50% stenosis (198 mL/min, P < .001). ICA flow of ≤110 mL/min was 100% sensitive and specific for near-occlusion. Phase-contrast MR imaging is a promising tool for diagnosing carotid near-occlusion.

ABBREVIATION:

PC: phase-contrast

Carotid near-occlusion is a severe carotid stenosis associated with a reduction (collapse) of the extracranial ICA distal to the stenosis.^1⇓⇓-4 The collapse can be severe (near-occlusion with full collapse; Fig 1A) or subtle (near-occlusion without full collapse; Fig 1B).^1⇓⇓-4 Separating symptomatic near-occlusions and conventional stenoses is crucial because their recommended treatments often differ.^5,6

Fig 1.

A, Right-sided near-occlusion with full collapse. Coronary view of CTA. Beyond severe stenosis (white arrowhead), distal ICA is difficult to visualize and has a threadlike appearance (white arrows). The distal ICA is clearly smaller than both the contralateral ICA (black arrow) and ipsilateral external carotid artery (black arrowhead) but is similar to the ascending pharyngeal artery (black star). A thrombus just proximal to the skull base is suspected (white star). ICA flow was 6 mL/min on the right side and 267 mL/min on the left side. B, Left-sided near-occlusion without full collapse. Coronary view of CTA. After severe stenosis (white arrowhead), the distal ICA is small but normal-appearing (white arrow), smaller than the contralateral ICA (black arrow), and similar to the ipsilateral external carotid artery (black arrowhead). ICA flow was 37 mL/min on the left side and 259 mL/min on the right side.

Near-occlusion is diagnosed by assessing several features on angiography (such as conventional angiography or CTA). Although the feature assessments are reliable among collaborating experts,⁴ implementation in routine practice can be challenging because expertise and feature synthesis likely vary among observers.⁷ Near-occlusion is presumed to be a marker of reduced flow.² Carotid sonography has poor diagnostic performance because there is a nonlinear relationship between the degree of stenosis and flow velocity in stenosis.^8,9 Phase-contrast (PC) MR imaging to assess ICA flow might be useful because it is based on flow, but no PC MR imaging study has assessed ICA flow in near-occlusion.

The aim of this study was to compare ICA flow in carotid near-occlusion and conventional ≥50% stenosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic ≥50% carotid stenosis at the University Hospital of Northern Sweden were included. Clinical exclusion criteria were atrial fibrillation, any previous central nervous system diseases, mRS ≥ 3, Mini-Mental State Examination score of <23, an inability to walk unassisted, severe aphasia, or contraindications for MR imaging. Imaging exclusions were any ICA occlusion, intracranial carotid stenosis, uncertainty about whether the index stenosis was conventional or near-occlusion (n = 3), and delay between CTA and MR imaging of >35 days. The study was approved by the regional ethics board in Umeå. All patients provided informed consent.

CTA

See the Online Supplemental Data for protocol details. All CTAs were evaluated by 1 observer, and a subset (n = 20) was also evaluated by a second observer. Both observers had near-occlusion expertise and were blinded to each other and to flow data. Disagreements were resolved by consensus discussion. Near-occlusion was diagnosed when a severe stenosis was associated with reduction in the distal ICA diameter, as presented elsewhere.^4,10,11 The definition of full collapse and acknowledging circle of Willis variants are presented elsewhere.^4,10 In cases without near-occlusion, the degree of stenosis was calculated with the NASCET approach, comparing stenosis diameter with distal ICA well beyond the stenosis.

Phase-Contrast MR Imaging

A 3T MR imaging scanner (Discovery MR 750; GE Healthcare) with a 32-channel head coil was used. 4D PC MR images were gathered and analyzed with in-house software similar to a recent study (Online Supplemental Data).^12,13 Two observers blinded to CTA findings and each other extracted flow data from both extracranial ICAs just below the skull base in all cases. The mean value between the 2 observers was used for main calculations. When the observers differed >20%, consensus measurements were performed. Each observer's measurements were also analyzed.

Analyses

Patients were categorized by CTA into conventional ≥50% stenosis and near-occlusion. Flow rates in the ICA were compared between stenosis groups, degrees of stenosis, and CTA measurements. Relative flow and area were calculated as ipsilateral/(ipsilateral + contralateral). We used mean, SD, a 2-sided χ² test, a t test, linear regression, a receiver operating characteristic curve, κ analysis, and intraclass correlation. The 95% confidence intervals for correlation (r) were calculated with z scores. P < .05 was prespecified as statistically significant. We used SPSS 24.0 (IBM) for all calculations.

RESULTS

In total, we included 29 patients: Twenty (69%) had conventional ≥50% stenosis, and 9 (31%) had near-occlusion. Baseline characteristics were similar (P ≥ .13) in both groups: The mean age was 73 years, 24% were women, the mean delay between examinations was 6 days, and 86% had symptomatic stenosis. Among the conventional stenoses, the mean stenosis degree was 65%, 8 were ≥ 70%, and the remaining degrees were 50%–69%. Two cases of conventional stenoses had asymmetric distal ICAs, best explained by circle of Willis asymmetry. Eight cases had bilateral ≥50% stenosis, but there were no cases with bilateral near-occlusion.

The mean ICA flow was lower in near-occlusions (52 mL/min) than in conventional ≥50% stenosis (198 mL/min, P < .001). The mean relative ICA flow was lower in near-occlusions (16%) than in conventional ≥50% stenosis (48%, P < .001). Neither parameter had overlap between the groups (Online Supplemental Data). Thus, several thresholds, such as ICA flow ≤110 mL/min and relative flow <35%, were 100% sensitive and specific for near-occlusion. One case had near-occlusion with full collapse, with a 6 mL/min ICA flow.

Among the 20 patients with conventional ≥50% stenosis, there was no correlation between percentage degree of stenosis and ICA flow (r = 0.06; 95% CI, −0.44–0.55; P = .81). There was no difference in the mean ICA flow between the 12 patients with 50%–69% stenoses (199 mL/min) and the 8 patients with ≥70% stenoses (197 mL/min, P = .90). However, when analyzing all 29 patients, there was a correlation between stenosis diameter and ICA flow (r = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.39–0.96; P < .001). A similar correlation was noted for the ipsilateral distal ICA area and ipsilateral ICA flow (r = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.42–0.96; P < .001). Relative distal ICA area and relative ICA flow were even more strongly correlated (r = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.74–1.00; P < .001). Please see the Online Supplemental Data for figures of these regression analyses.

Overall agreement between the blinded CTA observers was 96% (1 disagreement over whether there was occlusion), and interrater reliability was κ = 0.78. The 2 PC MR imaging observers had a consensus discussion over 17 (29%) neck sides but 100% agreement as to whether ICA flow and relative ICA flow were above or below the proposed diagnostic thresholds (110 mL/min and 35%, respectively), and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.96 (Online Supplemental Data).

DISCUSSION

The main findings of this study were that carotid near-occlusions had low ipsilateral ICA flow, whereas conventional ≥50% carotid stenoses had no correlation between the degree of stenosis and ICA flow (r = 0.06). Flow was correlated with stenosis diameter and distal ICA area, both hallmarks of near-occlusion.

No single feature in CTA is both >90% sensitive and specific for near-occlusion; thus, several features are used for angiographic diagnosis.^3,11 Flow measurement seems more accurate, but a larger sample will be needed for a relevant assessment. According to guidelines, patients with symptomatic conventional stenosis should be treated with revascularization.^5,6 However, patients with symptomatic near-occlusions should not be treated with revascularization⁶ or only treated after careful consideration in cases with recurrent events despite optimal medical therapy.⁵ To separate conventional stenosis and near-occlusion, there might be a role for PC MR imaging in routine carotid stenosis diagnostics after the stenosis has been identified by another technique. See the Online Supplemental Data for details on PC MR imaging literature. The association between near-occlusion and flow might also improve understanding of prognostics^4,14 and sonography findings^8,15 in near-occlusion. Other PC MR imaging techniques (2D and 3D) are likely to produce similar results, but they should be evaluated.

The concepts of near-occlusion and conventional stenoses are limited to NASCET grading. If near-occlusions are not recognized, percentage grading with NASCET leads to stenosis underestimation. Stenosis diameter was correlated with flow, as expected from the Spencer curve model.⁹ However, the Spencer model assumes a stable denominator,⁹ which is not the case in NASCET grading. When stenoses were graded with the NASCET method, only near-occlusions affected flow, not the conventional stenoses regardless of percentage grade. The ICA flow of conventional stenoses was rather similar in healthy elderly.¹³

This work has several limitations: The sample size was small. The near-occlusion prevalence (31%) might be perceived to be high but was similar (27%) to that in a recent larger study using the same diagnostic approach.⁴ We excluded cases with contralateral occlusion and those that were unclear as to whether the degree of stenosis was conventional ≥50% stenosis or near-occlusion. Thus, although the results are promising, large studies and studies dedicated to the cases now excluded and bilateral near-occlusion are warranted.

CONCLUSIONS

When we used NASCET-grading, only near-occlusions had a reduced ICA flow, while ICA flow was not affected by conventional stenoses. Because near-occlusion has a different clinical management than conventional stenosis and near-occlusion is difficult to diagnose with CTA, there is support for including ICA PC MR imaging in the imaging protocol for patients with ICA stenosis.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We want to thank Dr Allan J. Fox for help with CTA interpretations and assistance with manuscript preparations, including details about NASCET grading methodology.

Footnotes

The study was funded by the Swedish Research Council, grant Nos. 2015–05616; 2017–04949; the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Region Västerbotten, the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, grant No. 20140592; the research fund for neurologic research at the University Hospital of Northern Sweden; the Swedish Stroke Fund; the Northern Swedish Stroke Fund; and the Swedish Medical Association.
Paper preciously presented at: Annual Meeting of the European Society of Neuroradiology, October 5–9, 2020; Virtual.
Disclosures: Elias Johansson—RELATED: Grant: several grants to my institution, listed in funding section*; UNRELATED: Royalties: Studentlitteratur, Comments: 2 book chapters in 2014 in a medical textbook on stroke; generates annual royalties. Anders Eklund—RELATED: Grant: Swedish Research Council.* *Money paid to the institution.

Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org

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2. Johansson E,
3. Aviv RI,
4. Fox AJ
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Abstract/FREE Full Text
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4. Ambarki K, et al
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CrossRef PubMed
13.↵
2. Zarrinkoob L,
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14.↵
2. Johansson E,
3. Öhman K,
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2. Johansson E,
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4. Herod W, et al
. Carotid near-occlusion can be identified with ultrasound by low flow velocity distal to the stenosis. Acta Radiol 2019;60:396–404 doi:10.1177/0284185118780900 pmid:29896980
CrossRef PubMed

Received September 16, 2020.
Accepted after revision December 7, 2020.

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Cerebral blood flow pattern in patients with carotid artery stenosis with low trans-stenotic blood flow

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Show more EXTRACRANIAL VASCULAR

[1] 1.↵

Johansson E,
Fox AJ
. Carotid near-occlusion: a comprehensive review, Part 1: definition, terminology, and diagnosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016;37:2–10 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A4432 pmid:26316571
Abstract/FREE Full Text

[3] Johansson E,

[4] Fox AJ

[5] 2.↵

Johansson E,
Fox AJ
. Carotid near-occlusion: a comprehensive review, Part 2: prognosis and treatment, pathophysiology, confusions, and areas for improvement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016;37:200–04 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A4429 pmid:26338908
Abstract/FREE Full Text

[7] Johansson E,

[8] Fox AJ

[9] 3.↵

Fox AJ,
Eliasziw M,
Rothwell PM, et al
. Identification, prognosis, and management of patients with carotid artery near occlusion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:2086–94 pmid:16155163
Abstract/FREE Full Text

[11] Fox AJ,

[12] Eliasziw M,

[13] Rothwell PM, et al

[14] 4.↵

Gu T,
Aviv RI,
Fox AJ, et al
. Symptomatic carotid near-occlusion causes a high risk of recurrent ipsilateral ischemic stroke. J Neurol 2020;267:522–30 doi:10.1007/s00415-019-09605-5 pmid:31701329
CrossRef PubMed

[16] Gu T,

[17] Aviv RI,

[18] Fox AJ, et al

[19] 5.↵

Naylor AR,
Ricco JB,
de Borst GJ, et al
. Management of Atherosclerotic Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018;55:3–81 doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.06.021 pmid:28851594
CrossRef PubMed

[21] Naylor AR,

[22] Ricco JB,

[23] de Borst GJ, et al

[24] 6.↵

Brott TG,
Halperin JL,
Abbara S, et al
. Society for Vascular Surgery. ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients with Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease. Circulation 2011;124:e54–130 doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820d8c98 pmid:21282504
FREE Full Text

[26] Brott TG,

[27] Halperin JL,

[28] Abbara S, et al

[29] 7.↵

Johansson E,
Gu T,
Aviv RI, et al
. Carotid near-occlusion is often overlooked when CT-angiography is assessed in routine practice. Eur Radiol 2020;30:2543–51 doi:10.1007/s00330-019-06636-4 pmid:32006173
CrossRef PubMed

[31] Johansson E,

[32] Gu T,

[33] Aviv RI, et al

[34] 8.↵

Khangure SR,
Benhabib H,
Machnowska M, et al
. Carotid near-occlusion frequently has high peak systolic velocity on Doppler ultrasound. Neuroradiology 2018;60:17–25 doi:10.1007/s00234-017-1938-4 pmid:29177789
CrossRef PubMed

[36] Khangure SR,

[37] Benhabib H,

[38] Machnowska M, et al

[39] 9.↵

Spencer MP,
Reid JM
. Quantitation of carotid stenosis with continuous-wave (C-W) Doppler ultrasound. Stroke 1979;10:326–30 doi:10.1161/01.str.10.3.326 pmid:462521
Abstract/FREE Full Text

[41] Spencer MP,

[42] Reid JM

[43] 10.↵

Johansson E,
Aviv RI,
Fox AJ
. Atherosclerotic ICA stenosis coincidental with ICA asymmetry associated with circle of Willis variations can mimic near-occlusion. Neuroradiology 2020;62:101–04 doi:10.1007/s00234-019-02309-7 pmid:31705180
CrossRef PubMed

[45] Johansson E,

[46] Aviv RI,

[47] Fox AJ

[48] 11.↵

Bartlett ES,
Walters TD,
Symons SP, et al
. Diagnosing carotid stenosis near-occlusion by using CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:632–37 pmid:16552007
Abstract/FREE Full Text

[50] Bartlett ES,

[51] Walters TD,

[52] Symons SP, et al

[53] 12.↵

Zarrinkoob L,
Wåhlin A,
Ambarki K, et al
. Blood flow lateralization and collateral compensatory mechanisms in patients with carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 2019;50:1081–88 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.024757 pmid:30943887
CrossRef PubMed

[55] Zarrinkoob L,

[56] Wåhlin A,

[57] Ambarki K, et al

[58] 13.↵

Zarrinkoob L,
Ambarki K,
Wåhlin A, et al
. Blood flow distribution in cerebral arteries. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015;35:648–54 doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.241 pmid:25564234
CrossRef PubMed

[60] Zarrinkoob L,

[61] Ambarki K,

[62] Wåhlin A, et al

[63] 14.↵

Johansson E,
Öhman K,
Wester P
. Symptomatic carotid near-occlusion with full collapse might cause a very high risk of stroke. J Intern Med 2015;277:615–23 doi:10.1111/joim.12318 pmid:25297638
CrossRef PubMed

[65] Johansson E,

[66] Öhman K,

[67] Wester P

[68] 15.↵

Johansson E,
Benhabib H,
Herod W, et al
. Carotid near-occlusion can be identified with ultrasound by low flow velocity distal to the stenosis. Acta Radiol 2019;60:396–404 doi:10.1177/0284185118780900 pmid:29896980
CrossRef PubMed

[70] Johansson E,

[71] Benhabib H,

[72] Herod W, et al

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American Journal of Neuroradiology

Diagnosing Carotid Near-Occlusion with Phase-Contrast MRI

Abstract

ABBREVIATION:

MATERIALS AND METHODS