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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Development and Practical Implementation of a Deep Learning–Based Pipeline for Automated Pre- and Postoperative Glioma Segmentation" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A7363" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2022-01-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Quantitative volumetric segmentation of gliomas has important implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. We present a deep-learning model that accommodates automated preoperative and postoperative glioma segmentation with a pipeline for clinical implementation. Developed and engineered in concert, the work seeks to accelerate clinical realization of such tools.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A deep learning model, autoencoder regularization–cascaded anisotropic, was developed, trained, and tested fusing key elements of autoencoder regularization with a cascaded anisotropic convolutional neural network. We constructed a dataset consisting of 437 cases with 40 cases reserved as a held-out test and the remainder split 80:20 for training and validation. We performed data augmentation and hyperparameter optimization and used a mean Dice score to evaluate against baseline models. To facilitate clinical adoption, we developed the model with an end-to-end pipeline including routing, preprocessing, and end-user interaction.

RESULTS: The autoencoder regularization–cascaded anisotropic model achieved median and mean Dice scores of 0.88/0.83 (SD, 0.09), 0.89/0.84 (SD, 0.08), and 0.81/0.72 (SD, 0.1) for whole-tumor, tumor core/resection cavity, and enhancing tumor subregions, respectively, including both preoperative and postoperative follow-up cases. The overall total processing time per case was ∼10 minutes, including data routing (∼1 minute), preprocessing (∼6 minute), segmentation (∼1–2 minute), and postprocessing (∼1 minute). Implementation challenges were discussed.

CONCLUSIONS: We show the feasibility and advantages of building a coordinated model with a clinical pipeline for the rapid and accurate deep learning segmentation of both preoperative and postoperative gliomas. The ability of the model to accommodate cases of postoperative glioma is clinically important for follow-up. An end-to-end approach, such as used here, may lead us toward successful clinical translation of tools for quantitative volume measures for glioma.

AR
:   autoencoder regularization
BraTS
:   Brain Tumor Segmentation
CA
:   cascaded anisotropic
CNN
:   convolutional neural network
DL
:   deep learning
ET
:   enhancing tumor
HGG
:   high-grade glioma
LGG
:   low-grade glioma
NC
:   necrotic core
RC
:   resection cavity
T1ce
:   T1 postcontrast
TC
:   tumor core
WT
:   whole tumor" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Lotan" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B. Zhang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Dogra" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="W.D. Wang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D. Carbone" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G. Fatterpekar" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E.K. Oermann" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Y.W. Lui" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2022-01-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Adult Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Development and Practical Implementation of a Deep Learning–Based Pipeline for Automated Pre- and Postoperative Glioma Segmentation" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Quantitative volumetric segmentation of gliomas has important implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. We present a deep-learning model that accommodates automated preoperative and postoperative glioma segmentation with a pipeline for clinical implementation. Developed and engineered in concert, the work seeks to accelerate clinical realization of such tools.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A deep learning model, autoencoder regularization–cascaded anisotropic, was developed, trained, and tested fusing key elements of autoencoder regularization with a cascaded anisotropic convolutional neural network. We constructed a dataset consisting of 437 cases with 40 cases reserved as a held-out test and the remainder split 80:20 for training and validation. We performed data augmentation and hyperparameter optimization and used a mean Dice score to evaluate against baseline models. To facilitate clinical adoption, we developed the model with an end-to-end pipeline including routing, preprocessing, and end-user interaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The autoencoder regularization–cascaded anisotropic model achieved median and mean Dice scores of 0.88/0.83 (SD, 0.09), 0.89/0.84 (SD, 0.08), and 0.81/0.72 (SD, 0.1) for whole-tumor, tumor core/resection cavity, and enhancing tumor subregions, respectively, including both preoperative and postoperative follow-up cases. The overall total processing time per case was ∼10 minutes, including data routing (∼1 minute), preprocessing (∼6 minute), segmentation (∼1–2 minute), and postprocessing (∼1 minute). Implementation challenges were discussed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We show the feasibility and advantages of building a coordinated model with a clinical pipeline for the rapid and accurate deep learning segmentation of both preoperative and postoperative gliomas. The ability of the model to accommodate cases of postoperative glioma is clinically important for follow-up. An end-to-end approach, such as used here, may lead us toward successful clinical translation of tools for quantitative volume measures for glioma.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Development and Practical Implementation of a Deep Learning–Based Pipeline for Automated Pre- and Postoperative Glioma Segmentation" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Quantitative volumetric segmentation of gliomas has important implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. We present a deep-learning model that accommodates automated preoperative and postoperative glioma segmentation with a pipeline for clinical implementation. Developed and engineered in concert, the work seeks to accelerate clinical realization of such tools.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A deep learning model, autoencoder regularization–cascaded anisotropic, was developed, trained, and tested fusing key elements of autoencoder regularization with a cascaded anisotropic convolutional neural network. We constructed a dataset consisting of 437 cases with 40 cases reserved as a held-out test and the remainder split 80:20 for training and validation. We performed data augmentation and hyperparameter optimization and used a mean Dice score to evaluate against baseline models. To facilitate clinical adoption, we developed the model with an end-to-end pipeline including routing, preprocessing, and end-user interaction.

RESULTS: The autoencoder regularization–cascaded anisotropic model achieved median and mean Dice scores of 0.88/0.83 (SD, 0.09), 0.89/0.84 (SD, 0.08), and 0.81/0.72 (SD, 0.1) for whole-tumor, tumor core/resection cavity, and enhancing tumor subregions, respectively, including both preoperative and postoperative follow-up cases. The overall total processing time per case was ∼10 minutes, including data routing (∼1 minute), preprocessing (∼6 minute), segmentation (∼1–2 minute), and postprocessing (∼1 minute). Implementation challenges were discussed.

CONCLUSIONS: We show the feasibility and advantages of building a coordinated model with a clinical pipeline for the rapid and accurate deep learning segmentation of both preoperative and postoperative gliomas. The ability of the model to accommodate cases of postoperative glioma is clinically important for follow-up. An end-to-end approach, such as used here, may lead us toward successful clinical translation of tools for quantitative volume measures for glioma.

AR
:   autoencoder regularization
BraTS
:   Brain Tumor Segmentation
CA
:   cascaded anisotropic
CNN
:   convolutional neural network
DL
:   deep learning
ET
:   enhancing tumor
HGG
:   high-grade glioma
LGG
:   low-grade glioma
NC
:   necrotic core
RC
:   resection cavity
T1ce
:   T1 postcontrast
TC
:   tumor core
WT
:   whole tumor" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Development and Practical Implementation of a Deep Learning–Based Pipeline for Automated Pre- and Postoperative Glioma Segmentation" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/43/1/24" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Quantitative volumetric segmentation of gliomas has important implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. We present a deep-learning model that accommodates automated preoperative and postoperative glioma segmentation with a pipeline for clinical implementation. Developed and engineered in concert, the work seeks to accelerate clinical realization of such tools.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A deep learning model, autoencoder regularization–cascaded anisotropic, was developed, trained, and tested fusing key elements of autoencoder regularization with a cascaded anisotropic convolutional neural network. We constructed a dataset consisting of 437 cases with 40 cases reserved as a held-out test and the remainder split 80:20 for training and validation. We performed data augmentation and hyperparameter optimization and used a mean Dice score to evaluate against baseline models. To facilitate clinical adoption, we developed the model with an end-to-end pipeline including routing, preprocessing, and end-user interaction.

RESULTS: The autoencoder regularization–cascaded anisotropic model achieved median and mean Dice scores of 0.88/0.83 (SD, 0.09), 0.89/0.84 (SD, 0.08), and 0.81/0.72 (SD, 0.1) for whole-tumor, tumor core/resection cavity, and enhancing tumor subregions, respectively, including both preoperative and postoperative follow-up cases. The overall total processing time per case was ∼10 minutes, including data routing (∼1 minute), preprocessing (∼6 minute), segmentation (∼1–2 minute), and postprocessing (∼1 minute). Implementation challenges were discussed.

CONCLUSIONS: We show the feasibility and advantages of building a coordinated model with a clinical pipeline for the rapid and accurate deep learning segmentation of both preoperative and postoperative gliomas. The ability of the model to accommodate cases of postoperative glioma is clinically important for follow-up. An end-to-end approach, such as used here, may lead us toward successful clinical translation of tools for quantitative volume measures for glioma.

AR
:   autoencoder regularization
BraTS
:   Brain Tumor Segmentation
CA
:   cascaded anisotropic
CNN
:   convolutional neural network
DL
:   deep learning
ET
:   enhancing tumor
HGG
:   high-grade glioma
LGG
:   low-grade glioma
NC
:   necrotic core
RC
:   resection cavity
T1ce
:   T1 postcontrast
TC
:   tumor core
WT
:   whole tumor" />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Development and Practical Implementation of a Deep Learning–Based Pipeline for Automated Pre- and Postoperative Glioma Segmentation</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">E. Lotan</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">B. Zhang</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">S. Dogra</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">W.D. Wang</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">D. Carbone</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">G. Fatterpekar</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">E.K. Oermann</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">Y.W. Lui</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">January 2022,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">24-32; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7363 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-94882--61273543863" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Lotan </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (E.L., B.Z., S.D., D.C., G.F., E.K.O., Y.W.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BLotan%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lotan%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BLotan%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9526-3430" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E. Lotan</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">B. Zhang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (E.L., B.Z., S.D., D.C., G.F., E.K.O., Y.W.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=B.%2BZhang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Zhang%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AB.%2BZhang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-7959" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for B. Zhang</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Dogra </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (E.L., B.Z., S.D., D.C., G.F., E.K.O., Y.W.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BDogra%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Dogra%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BDogra%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2386-7849" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Dogra</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">W.D. Wang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Population Health (W.D.W.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=W.D.%2BWang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wang%20W&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AW.D.%2BWang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3244-7777" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for W.D. Wang</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D. Carbone </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (E.L., B.Z., S.D., D.C., G.F., E.K.O., Y.W.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.%2BCarbone%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Carbone%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.%2BCarbone%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0208-2188" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D. Carbone</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">G. Fatterpekar </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (E.L., B.Z., S.D., D.C., G.F., E.K.O., Y.W.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=G.%2BFatterpekar%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Fatterpekar%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AG.%2BFatterpekar%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4705-2030" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for G. 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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Lotan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Dogra</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">W.D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Carbone</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fatterpekar</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Oermann</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">Y.W.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Lui</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jan 2022, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">24-32; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A7363 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Development and Practical Implementation of a Deep Learning–Based Pipeline for Automated Pre- and Postoperative Glioma Segmentation</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Lotan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Dogra</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">W.D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Carbone</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fatterpekar</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Oermann</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">Y.W.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Lui</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jan 2022, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">24-32; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A7363 </span></div>
  
  
  
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