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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Neuroimaging in Pediatric Patients with Juvenile Xanthogranuloma of the CNS" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A7683" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2022-11-01" />
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<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2022 by American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="restricted" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a rare clonal, myeloid, neoplastic disorder. Typically, juvenile xanthogranuloma is a self-limited disorder of infancy, often presenting as a solitary red-brown or yellow skin papule/nodule. A small subset of patients present with extracutaneous, systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma, which may include the CNS. The goal of this retrospective study was to evaluate and categorize the neuroimaging findings in a representative cohort of pediatric patients with CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The brain and/or spine MR imaging data of 14 pediatric patients with pathology-proven juvenile xanthogranuloma were categorized and evaluated for the location; the signal intensity of xanthogranulomas on T1WI, T2WI, DWI, and a matching ADC map for the pattern and degree of contrast enhancement; and the presence of perilesional edema, cysts, or necrosis.

RESULTS: Fourteen pediatric patients (8 girls, 6 boys; mean age, 84 months) were included in the study. Patients presented with a wide variety of different symptoms, including headache, seizure, ataxia, strabismus, hearing loss, facial paresis, and diabetes insipidus. Juvenile xanthogranuloma lesions were identified in a number of different sites, including supra- and infratentorial as well as intracranial and spinal leptomeningeal. Five patients were categorized into the neuroradiologic pattern unifocal CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma; 8, into multifocal CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma; and 1, into multifocal CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma with intracranial and spinal leptomeningeal disease. In most cases, xanthogranulomas were small-to-medium intra-axial masses with isointense signal on T1WI (compared with cortical GM), iso- or hyperintense signal on T2WI, had restricted diffusion and perilesional edema. Almost all xanthogranulomas showed avid contrast enhancement. However, we also identified less common patterns with large lesions, nonenhancing lesions, or leptomeningeal disease. Four cases had an additional CT available. On CT, all xanthogranulomas were homogeneously hyperdense (solid component) without evident calcifications.

CONCLUSIONS: CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma may demonstrate heterogeneous neuroimaging appearances potentially mimicking other diseases, such as primary brain neoplasms, metastatic disease, lymphoma and leukemia, other histiocytic disorders, infections, or granulomatous diseases.

ALK 
:   anaplastic lymphoma kinase
BRAF V600
:   B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (V600E)
CE
:   contrast-enhanced
ECD
:   Erdheim-Chester disease
GRE
:   gradient recalled-echo
HLH
:   hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
JXG
:   juvenile xanthogranuloma
LCH
:   Langerhans cell histiocytosis
MAPK 
:   mitogen-activated protein kinase
RDD
:   Rosai-Dorfman disease" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B.L. Serrallach" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.F. Kralik" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B.H. Tran" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="T.A.G.M. Huisman" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R.P. Patel" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C.E. Allen" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K.L. McClain" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="N. Gulati" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C.Q. Dillard-Ilboudo" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M.J. Hicks" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C.A. Mohila" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="N.K. Desai" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2022-11-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Pediatrics" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Neuroimaging in Pediatric Patients with Juvenile Xanthogranuloma of the CNS" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a rare clonal, myeloid, neoplastic disorder. Typically, juvenile xanthogranuloma is a self-limited disorder of infancy, often presenting as a solitary red-brown or yellow skin papule/nodule. A small subset of patients present with extracutaneous, systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma, which may include the CNS. The goal of this retrospective study was to evaluate and categorize the neuroimaging findings in a representative cohort of pediatric patients with CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The brain and/or spine MR imaging data of 14 pediatric patients with pathology-proven juvenile xanthogranuloma were categorized and evaluated for the location; the signal intensity of xanthogranulomas on T1WI, T2WI, DWI, and a matching ADC map for the pattern and degree of contrast enhancement; and the presence of perilesional edema, cysts, or necrosis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fourteen pediatric patients (8 girls, 6 boys; mean age, 84 months) were included in the study. Patients presented with a wide variety of different symptoms, including headache, seizure, ataxia, strabismus, hearing loss, facial paresis, and diabetes insipidus. Juvenile xanthogranuloma lesions were identified in a number of different sites, including supra- and infratentorial as well as intracranial and spinal leptomeningeal. Five patients were categorized into the neuroradiologic pattern unifocal CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma; 8, into multifocal CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma; and 1, into multifocal CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma with intracranial and spinal leptomeningeal disease. In most cases, xanthogranulomas were small-to-medium intra-axial masses with isointense signal on T1WI (compared with cortical GM), iso- or hyperintense signal on T2WI, had restricted diffusion and perilesional edema. Almost all xanthogranulomas showed avid contrast enhancement. However, we also identified less common patterns with large lesions, nonenhancing lesions, or leptomeningeal disease. Four cases had an additional CT available. On CT, all xanthogranulomas were homogeneously hyperdense (solid component) without evident calcifications.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma may demonstrate heterogeneous neuroimaging appearances potentially mimicking other diseases, such as primary brain neoplasms, metastatic disease, lymphoma and leukemia, other histiocytic disorders, infections, or granulomatous diseases.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_volume" content="43" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="T.A.G.M. Huisman" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="aFrom the Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology (B.L.S., S.F.K., B.H.T., T.A.G.M.H., R.P.P., N.K.D.)" />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="aFrom the Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology (B.L.S., S.F.K., B.H.T., T.A.G.M.H., R.P.P., N.K.D.)" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Neuroimaging in Pediatric Patients with Juvenile Xanthogranuloma of the CNS" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a rare clonal, myeloid, neoplastic disorder. Typically, juvenile xanthogranuloma is a self-limited disorder of infancy, often presenting as a solitary red-brown or yellow skin papule/nodule. A small subset of patients present with extracutaneous, systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma, which may include the CNS. The goal of this retrospective study was to evaluate and categorize the neuroimaging findings in a representative cohort of pediatric patients with CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The brain and/or spine MR imaging data of 14 pediatric patients with pathology-proven juvenile xanthogranuloma were categorized and evaluated for the location; the signal intensity of xanthogranulomas on T1WI, T2WI, DWI, and a matching ADC map for the pattern and degree of contrast enhancement; and the presence of perilesional edema, cysts, or necrosis.

RESULTS: Fourteen pediatric patients (8 girls, 6 boys; mean age, 84 months) were included in the study. Patients presented with a wide variety of different symptoms, including headache, seizure, ataxia, strabismus, hearing loss, facial paresis, and diabetes insipidus. Juvenile xanthogranuloma lesions were identified in a number of different sites, including supra- and infratentorial as well as intracranial and spinal leptomeningeal. Five patients were categorized into the neuroradiologic pattern unifocal CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma; 8, into multifocal CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma; and 1, into multifocal CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma with intracranial and spinal leptomeningeal disease. In most cases, xanthogranulomas were small-to-medium intra-axial masses with isointense signal on T1WI (compared with cortical GM), iso- or hyperintense signal on T2WI, had restricted diffusion and perilesional edema. Almost all xanthogranulomas showed avid contrast enhancement. However, we also identified less common patterns with large lesions, nonenhancing lesions, or leptomeningeal disease. Four cases had an additional CT available. On CT, all xanthogranulomas were homogeneously hyperdense (solid component) without evident calcifications.

CONCLUSIONS: CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma may demonstrate heterogeneous neuroimaging appearances potentially mimicking other diseases, such as primary brain neoplasms, metastatic disease, lymphoma and leukemia, other histiocytic disorders, infections, or granulomatous diseases.

ALK 
:   anaplastic lymphoma kinase
BRAF V600
:   B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (V600E)
CE
:   contrast-enhanced
ECD
:   Erdheim-Chester disease
GRE
:   gradient recalled-echo
HLH
:   hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
JXG
:   juvenile xanthogranuloma
LCH
:   Langerhans cell histiocytosis
MAPK 
:   mitogen-activated protein kinase
RDD
:   Rosai-Dorfman disease" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Neuroimaging in Pediatric Patients with Juvenile Xanthogranuloma of the CNS" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/43/11/1667" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a rare clonal, myeloid, neoplastic disorder. Typically, juvenile xanthogranuloma is a self-limited disorder of infancy, often presenting as a solitary red-brown or yellow skin papule/nodule. A small subset of patients present with extracutaneous, systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma, which may include the CNS. The goal of this retrospective study was to evaluate and categorize the neuroimaging findings in a representative cohort of pediatric patients with CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The brain and/or spine MR imaging data of 14 pediatric patients with pathology-proven juvenile xanthogranuloma were categorized and evaluated for the location; the signal intensity of xanthogranulomas on T1WI, T2WI, DWI, and a matching ADC map for the pattern and degree of contrast enhancement; and the presence of perilesional edema, cysts, or necrosis.

RESULTS: Fourteen pediatric patients (8 girls, 6 boys; mean age, 84 months) were included in the study. Patients presented with a wide variety of different symptoms, including headache, seizure, ataxia, strabismus, hearing loss, facial paresis, and diabetes insipidus. Juvenile xanthogranuloma lesions were identified in a number of different sites, including supra- and infratentorial as well as intracranial and spinal leptomeningeal. Five patients were categorized into the neuroradiologic pattern unifocal CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma; 8, into multifocal CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma; and 1, into multifocal CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma with intracranial and spinal leptomeningeal disease. In most cases, xanthogranulomas were small-to-medium intra-axial masses with isointense signal on T1WI (compared with cortical GM), iso- or hyperintense signal on T2WI, had restricted diffusion and perilesional edema. Almost all xanthogranulomas showed avid contrast enhancement. However, we also identified less common patterns with large lesions, nonenhancing lesions, or leptomeningeal disease. Four cases had an additional CT available. On CT, all xanthogranulomas were homogeneously hyperdense (solid component) without evident calcifications.

CONCLUSIONS: CNS juvenile xanthogranuloma may demonstrate heterogeneous neuroimaging appearances potentially mimicking other diseases, such as primary brain neoplasms, metastatic disease, lymphoma and leukemia, other histiocytic disorders, infections, or granulomatous diseases.

ALK 
:   anaplastic lymphoma kinase
BRAF V600
:   B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (V600E)
CE
:   contrast-enhanced
ECD
:   Erdheim-Chester disease
GRE
:   gradient recalled-echo
HLH
:   hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
JXG
:   juvenile xanthogranuloma
LCH
:   Langerhans cell histiocytosis
MAPK 
:   mitogen-activated protein kinase
RDD
:   Rosai-Dorfman disease" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node99638--5" data-node-nid="99638" id="top-node-99638--61561096440" data-pisa="ajnr;43/11/1667" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A7683" data-apath="/ajnr/43/11/1667.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Pediatrics</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Neuroimaging in Pediatric Patients with Juvenile Xanthogranuloma of the CNS</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">B.L. Serrallach</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">S.F. Kralik</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">B.H. Tran</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">T.A.G.M. Huisman</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">R.P. Patel</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">C.E. Allen</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">K.L. McClain</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">N. Gulati</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">C.Q. Dillard-Ilboudo</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">M.J. Hicks</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10">C.A. Mohila</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11">N.K. Desai</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">November 2022,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(11) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1667-1673; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7683 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-99638--61561096440" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">B.L. Serrallach </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology (B.L.S., S.F.K., B.H.T., T.A.G.M.H., R.P.P., N.K.D.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=B.L.%2BSerrallach%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Serrallach%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AB.L.%2BSerrallach%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1301-7798" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for B.L. Serrallach</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.F. Kralik </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology (B.L.S., S.F.K., B.H.T., T.A.G.M.H., R.P.P., N.K.D.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.F.%2BKralik%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kralik%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.F.%2BKralik%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7213-1761" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.F. Kralik</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">B.H. Tran </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology (B.L.S., S.F.K., B.H.T., T.A.G.M.H., R.P.P., N.K.D.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=B.H.%2BTran%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Tran%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AB.H.%2BTran%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0436-551X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for B.H. 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Singleton Department of Radiology (B.L.S., S.F.K., B.H.T., T.A.G.M.H., R.P.P., N.K.D.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=T.A.G.M.%2BHuisman%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Huisman%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AT.A.G.M.%2BHuisman%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2302-6724" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for T.A.G.M. Huisman</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R.P. Patel </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology (B.L.S., S.F.K., B.H.T., T.A.G.M.H., R.P.P., N.K.D.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.P.%2BPatel%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Patel%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.P.%2BPatel%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0891-1541" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R.P. Patel</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C.E. Allen </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Pediatrics (C.E.A., K.L.M., N.G., C.Q.D.-I.), Section of Hematology-Oncology</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.E.%2BAllen%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Allen%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.E.%2BAllen%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6625-739X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C.E. Allen</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K.L. McClain </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Pediatrics (C.E.A., K.L.M., N.G., C.Q.D.-I.), Section of Hematology-Oncology</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.L.%2BMcClain%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=McClain%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.L.%2BMcClain%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0725-6263" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for K.L. McClain</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">N. Gulati </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Pediatrics (C.E.A., K.L.M., N.G., C.Q.D.-I.), Section of Hematology-Oncology</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=N.%2BGulati%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gulati%20N&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AN.%2BGulati%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9243-9544" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for N. Gulati</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C.Q. Dillard-Ilboudo </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Pediatrics (C.E.A., K.L.M., N.G., C.Q.D.-I.), Section of Hematology-Oncology</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.Q.%2BDillard-Ilboudo%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Dillard-Ilboudo%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.Q.%2BDillard-Ilboudo%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4046-6847" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C.Q. 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Hicks </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Pathology and Immunology (M.J.H., C.A.M.), Texas Children’s Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.J.%2BHicks%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hicks%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.J.%2BHicks%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1464-3803" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M.J. 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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Nov 2022, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(11) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1667-1673; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A7683 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Nov 2022, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(11) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1667-1673; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A7683 </span></div>
  
  
  
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