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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Radio-Pathomic Maps of Cell Density Identify Brain Tumor Invasion beyond Traditional MRI-Defined Margins" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A7477" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2022-05-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Currently, contrast-enhancing margins on T1WI are used to guide treatment of gliomas, yet tumor invasion beyond the contrast-enhancing region is a known confounding factor. Therefore, this study used postmortem tissue samples aligned with clinically acquired MRIs to quantify the relationship between intensity values and cellularity as well as to develop a radio-pathomic model to predict cellularity using MR imaging data.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-institution study used 93 samples collected at postmortem examination from 44 patients with brain cancer. Tissue samples were processed, stained with H&amp;E, and digitized for nuclei segmentation and cell density calculation. Pre- and postgadolinium contrast T1WI, T2 FLAIR, and ADC images were collected from each patient’s final acquisition before death. In-house software was used to align tissue samples to the FLAIR image via manually defined control points. Mixed-effects models were used to assess the relationship between single-image intensity and cellularity for each image. An ensemble learner was trained to predict cellularity using 5 × 5 voxel tiles from each image, with a two-thirds to one-third train-test split for validation.

RESULTS: Single-image analyses found subtle associations between image intensity and cellularity, with a less pronounced relationship in patients with glioblastoma. The radio-pathomic model accurately predicted cellularity in the test set (root mean squared error = 1015 cells/mm2) and identified regions of hypercellularity beyond the contrast-enhancing region.

CONCLUSIONS: A radio-pathomic model for cellularity trained with tissue samples acquired at postmortem examination is able to identify regions of hypercellular tumor beyond traditional imaging signatures.

CD31
:   cluster of differentiation 31
CPM
:   cellularity prediction map
GBM
:   glioblastoma
IHC
:   immunohistochemically
MIB-1
:   Mindbomb Homolog 1 index
NGG
:   non-GBM glioma
RMSE
:   root mean squared error
TIC
:   gadolinium-enhanced T1WI" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.A. Bobholz" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.K. Lowman" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Brehler" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="F. Kyereme" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.R. Duenweg" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Sherman" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.D. McGarry" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E.J. Cochran" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Connelly" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="W.M. Mueller" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Agarwal" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Banerjee" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P.S. LaViolette" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2022-05-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Adult Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Radio-Pathomic Maps of Cell Density Identify Brain Tumor Invasion beyond Traditional MRI-Defined Margins" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Currently, contrast-enhancing margins on T1WI are used to guide treatment of gliomas, yet tumor invasion beyond the contrast-enhancing region is a known confounding factor. Therefore, this study used postmortem tissue samples aligned with clinically acquired MRIs to quantify the relationship between intensity values and cellularity as well as to develop a radio-pathomic model to predict cellularity using MR imaging data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This single-institution study used 93 samples collected at postmortem examination from 44 patients with brain cancer. Tissue samples were processed, stained with H&amp;amp;E, and digitized for nuclei segmentation and cell density calculation. Pre- and postgadolinium contrast T1WI, T2 FLAIR, and ADC images were collected from each patient’s final acquisition before death. In-house software was used to align tissue samples to the FLAIR image via manually defined control points. Mixed-effects models were used to assess the relationship between single-image intensity and cellularity for each image. An ensemble learner was trained to predict cellularity using 5 × 5 voxel tiles from each image, with a two-thirds to one-third train-test split for validation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Single-image analyses found subtle associations between image intensity and cellularity, with a less pronounced relationship in patients with glioblastoma. The radio-pathomic model accurately predicted cellularity in the test set (root mean squared error = 1015 cells/mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) and identified regions of hypercellularity beyond the contrast-enhancing region.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A radio-pathomic model for cellularity trained with tissue samples acquired at postmortem examination is able to identify regions of hypercellular tumor beyond traditional imaging signatures.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Radio-Pathomic Maps of Cell Density Identify Brain Tumor Invasion beyond Traditional MRI-Defined Margins" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Currently, contrast-enhancing margins on T1WI are used to guide treatment of gliomas, yet tumor invasion beyond the contrast-enhancing region is a known confounding factor. Therefore, this study used postmortem tissue samples aligned with clinically acquired MRIs to quantify the relationship between intensity values and cellularity as well as to develop a radio-pathomic model to predict cellularity using MR imaging data.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-institution study used 93 samples collected at postmortem examination from 44 patients with brain cancer. Tissue samples were processed, stained with H&amp;E, and digitized for nuclei segmentation and cell density calculation. Pre- and postgadolinium contrast T1WI, T2 FLAIR, and ADC images were collected from each patient’s final acquisition before death. In-house software was used to align tissue samples to the FLAIR image via manually defined control points. Mixed-effects models were used to assess the relationship between single-image intensity and cellularity for each image. An ensemble learner was trained to predict cellularity using 5 × 5 voxel tiles from each image, with a two-thirds to one-third train-test split for validation.

RESULTS: Single-image analyses found subtle associations between image intensity and cellularity, with a less pronounced relationship in patients with glioblastoma. The radio-pathomic model accurately predicted cellularity in the test set (root mean squared error = 1015 cells/mm2) and identified regions of hypercellularity beyond the contrast-enhancing region.

CONCLUSIONS: A radio-pathomic model for cellularity trained with tissue samples acquired at postmortem examination is able to identify regions of hypercellular tumor beyond traditional imaging signatures.

CD31
:   cluster of differentiation 31
CPM
:   cellularity prediction map
GBM
:   glioblastoma
IHC
:   immunohistochemically
MIB-1
:   Mindbomb Homolog 1 index
NGG
:   non-GBM glioma
RMSE
:   root mean squared error
TIC
:   gadolinium-enhanced T1WI" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Radio-Pathomic Maps of Cell Density Identify Brain Tumor Invasion beyond Traditional MRI-Defined Margins" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/43/5/682" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Currently, contrast-enhancing margins on T1WI are used to guide treatment of gliomas, yet tumor invasion beyond the contrast-enhancing region is a known confounding factor. Therefore, this study used postmortem tissue samples aligned with clinically acquired MRIs to quantify the relationship between intensity values and cellularity as well as to develop a radio-pathomic model to predict cellularity using MR imaging data.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-institution study used 93 samples collected at postmortem examination from 44 patients with brain cancer. Tissue samples were processed, stained with H&amp;E, and digitized for nuclei segmentation and cell density calculation. Pre- and postgadolinium contrast T1WI, T2 FLAIR, and ADC images were collected from each patient’s final acquisition before death. In-house software was used to align tissue samples to the FLAIR image via manually defined control points. Mixed-effects models were used to assess the relationship between single-image intensity and cellularity for each image. An ensemble learner was trained to predict cellularity using 5 × 5 voxel tiles from each image, with a two-thirds to one-third train-test split for validation.

RESULTS: Single-image analyses found subtle associations between image intensity and cellularity, with a less pronounced relationship in patients with glioblastoma. The radio-pathomic model accurately predicted cellularity in the test set (root mean squared error = 1015 cells/mm2) and identified regions of hypercellularity beyond the contrast-enhancing region.

CONCLUSIONS: A radio-pathomic model for cellularity trained with tissue samples acquired at postmortem examination is able to identify regions of hypercellular tumor beyond traditional imaging signatures.

CD31
:   cluster of differentiation 31
CPM
:   cellularity prediction map
GBM
:   glioblastoma
IHC
:   immunohistochemically
MIB-1
:   Mindbomb Homolog 1 index
NGG
:   non-GBM glioma
RMSE
:   root mean squared error
TIC
:   gadolinium-enhanced T1WI" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node96953--5" data-node-nid="96953" id="top-node-96953--61623271177" data-pisa="ajnr;43/5/682" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A7477" data-apath="/ajnr/43/5/682.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Adult Brain</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Radio-Pathomic Maps of Cell Density Identify Brain Tumor Invasion beyond Traditional MRI-Defined Margins</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">S.A. Bobholz</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">A.K. Lowman</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">M. Brehler</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">F. Kyereme</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">S.R. Duenweg</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">J. Sherman</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">S.D. McGarry</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">E.J. Cochran</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">J. Connelly</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">W.M. Mueller</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10">M. Agarwal</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11">A. Banerjee</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12">P.S. LaViolette</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">May 2022,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(5) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">682-688; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7477 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-96953--61623271177" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.A. Bobholz </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Biophysics (S.A.B., S.R.D., J.S., S.D.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.A.%2BBobholz%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bobholz%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.A.%2BBobholz%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1525-7418" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.A. Bobholz</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.K. Lowman </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (A.L., M.B., M.A., P.S.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.K.%2BLowman%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lowman%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.K.%2BLowman%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-8145" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A.K. Lowman</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Brehler </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (A.L., M.B., M.A., P.S.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BBrehler%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Brehler%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BBrehler%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4663-6587" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Brehler</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">F. Kyereme </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=F.%2BKyereme%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kyereme%20F&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AF.%2BKyereme%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-1370" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for F. Kyereme</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.R. Duenweg </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Biophysics (S.A.B., S.R.D., J.S., S.D.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.R.%2BDuenweg%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Duenweg%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.R.%2BDuenweg%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4010-7737" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.R. Duenweg</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Sherman </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Biophysics (S.A.B., S.R.D., J.S., S.D.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BSherman%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sherman%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BSherman%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4638-6562" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J. Sherman</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.D. McGarry </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Biophysics (S.A.B., S.R.D., J.S., S.D.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.D.%2BMcGarry%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=McGarry%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.D.%2BMcGarry%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4937-2780" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.D. McGarry</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E.J. Cochran </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Pathology (E.J.C.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.J.%2BCochran%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cochran%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.J.%2BCochran%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7390-6637" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E.J. Cochran</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. 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Connelly</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">W.M. Mueller </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Neurosurgery (W.M.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=W.M.%2BMueller%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mueller%20W&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AW.M.%2BMueller%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1281-5250" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for W.M. 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Agarwal </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (A.L., M.B., M.A., P.S.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BAgarwal%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Agarwal%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BAgarwal%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6399-4098" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 43</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 5 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 May 2022 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Radio-Pathomic Maps of Cell Density Identify Brain Tumor Invasion beyond Traditional MRI-Defined Margins</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bobholz</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Lowman</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Brehler</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kyereme</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Duenweg</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sherman</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">McGarry</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cochran</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Connelly</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">W.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mueller</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Agarwal</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Banerjee</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">LaViolette</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">May 2022, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(5) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">682-688; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A7477 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Radio-Pathomic Maps of Cell Density Identify Brain Tumor Invasion beyond Traditional MRI-Defined Margins</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bobholz</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Lowman</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Brehler</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kyereme</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Duenweg</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sherman</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">McGarry</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cochran</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Connelly</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">W.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mueller</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Agarwal</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Banerjee</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">LaViolette</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">May 2022, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(5) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">682-688; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A7477 </span></div>
  
  
  
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