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<meta name="DC.Title" content="The Choroid Plexus as an Alternative Locus for the Identification of the Arterial Input Function for Calculating Cerebral Perfusion Metrics Using MRI" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A8099" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2024-01-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2024 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging–based cerebral perfusion metrics can be obtained by tracing the passage of a bolus of contrast through the microvasculature of the brain parenchyma. Thus, the temporal signal pattern of the contrast agent is typically measured over a large artery such as the MCA to generate the arterial input function. The largest intracranial arteries in the brain may not always be suitable for selecting the arterial input function due to skull base susceptibility artifacts or reduced size from steno-occlusive disease. Therefore, a suitable alternative arterial input function window would be useful. The choroid plexus is a highly vascular tissue composed essentially of arterialized blood vessels and acellular stroma with low metabolic requirements relative to its blood flow and may be a suitable alternative to identify the arterial input function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 8 healthy participants and 7 patients with gliomas who were administered a bolus of gadolinium. We selected an arterial input function from both the left and right M1 segments of the MCA and both lateral ventricles of the choroid plexus for each participant. We compared the changes in the T2* signal and the calculated resting perfusion metrics using the arterial input functions selected from the MCA and choroid plexus.

RESULTS: We found no systematic difference between resting perfusion metrics in GM and WM when calculated using an arterial input function from the MCA or choroid plexus in the same participant.

CONCLUSIONS: The choroid plexus provides an alternative location from which an arterial input function may be sampled when a suitable measure over an MCA is not available.

AIF
:   arterial input function
CNR
:   contrast-to-noise ratio
CP
:   choroid plexus
ΔS
:   voxelwise T2* signal changes
GBCA
:   gadolinium-based contrast agent
rCBF
:   relative CBF
rCBV
:   relative CBV" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Olivia Sobczyk" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ece Su Sayin" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Julien Poublanc" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="James Duffin" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Andrea Para" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Joseph A. Fisher" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="David J. Mikulis" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2024-01-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Neurovascular/Stroke Imaging" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="The Choroid Plexus as an Alternative Locus for the Identification of the Arterial Input Function for Calculating Cerebral Perfusion Metrics Using MRI" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;MR imaging–based cerebral perfusion metrics can be obtained by tracing the passage of a bolus of contrast through the microvasculature of the brain parenchyma. Thus, the temporal signal pattern of the contrast agent is typically measured over a large artery such as the MCA to generate the arterial input function. The largest intracranial arteries in the brain may not always be suitable for selecting the arterial input function due to skull base susceptibility artifacts or reduced size from steno-occlusive disease. Therefore, a suitable alternative arterial input function window would be useful. The choroid plexus is a highly vascular tissue composed essentially of arterialized blood vessels and acellular stroma with low metabolic requirements relative to its blood flow and may be a suitable alternative to identify the arterial input function.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We studied 8 healthy participants and 7 patients with gliomas who were administered a bolus of gadolinium. We selected an arterial input function from both the left and right M1 segments of the MCA and both lateral ventricles of the choroid plexus for each participant. We compared the changes in the T2* signal and the calculated resting perfusion metrics using the arterial input functions selected from the MCA and choroid plexus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We found no systematic difference between resting perfusion metrics in GM and WM when calculated using an arterial input function from the MCA or choroid plexus in the same participant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The choroid plexus provides an alternative location from which an arterial input function may be sampled when a suitable measure over an MCA is not available.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/01/01" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Olivia Sobczyk" />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="bDepartment of Anaesthesia and Pain Management (O.S., J.AF.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Ece Su Sayin" />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="cDepartment of Physiology (E.S.S., J.D., J.A.F.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Julien Poublanc" />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="cDepartment of Physiology (E.S.S., J.D., J.A.F.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="The Choroid Plexus as an Alternative Locus for the Identification of the Arterial Input Function for Calculating Cerebral Perfusion Metrics Using MRI" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging–based cerebral perfusion metrics can be obtained by tracing the passage of a bolus of contrast through the microvasculature of the brain parenchyma. Thus, the temporal signal pattern of the contrast agent is typically measured over a large artery such as the MCA to generate the arterial input function. The largest intracranial arteries in the brain may not always be suitable for selecting the arterial input function due to skull base susceptibility artifacts or reduced size from steno-occlusive disease. Therefore, a suitable alternative arterial input function window would be useful. The choroid plexus is a highly vascular tissue composed essentially of arterialized blood vessels and acellular stroma with low metabolic requirements relative to its blood flow and may be a suitable alternative to identify the arterial input function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 8 healthy participants and 7 patients with gliomas who were administered a bolus of gadolinium. We selected an arterial input function from both the left and right M1 segments of the MCA and both lateral ventricles of the choroid plexus for each participant. We compared the changes in the T2* signal and the calculated resting perfusion metrics using the arterial input functions selected from the MCA and choroid plexus.

RESULTS: We found no systematic difference between resting perfusion metrics in GM and WM when calculated using an arterial input function from the MCA or choroid plexus in the same participant.

CONCLUSIONS: The choroid plexus provides an alternative location from which an arterial input function may be sampled when a suitable measure over an MCA is not available.

AIF
:   arterial input function
CNR
:   contrast-to-noise ratio
CP
:   choroid plexus
ΔS
:   voxelwise T2* signal changes
GBCA
:   gadolinium-based contrast agent
rCBF
:   relative CBF
rCBV
:   relative CBV" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="The Choroid Plexus as an Alternative Locus for the Identification of the Arterial Input Function for Calculating Cerebral Perfusion Metrics Using MRI" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/45/1/44" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging–based cerebral perfusion metrics can be obtained by tracing the passage of a bolus of contrast through the microvasculature of the brain parenchyma. Thus, the temporal signal pattern of the contrast agent is typically measured over a large artery such as the MCA to generate the arterial input function. The largest intracranial arteries in the brain may not always be suitable for selecting the arterial input function due to skull base susceptibility artifacts or reduced size from steno-occlusive disease. Therefore, a suitable alternative arterial input function window would be useful. The choroid plexus is a highly vascular tissue composed essentially of arterialized blood vessels and acellular stroma with low metabolic requirements relative to its blood flow and may be a suitable alternative to identify the arterial input function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 8 healthy participants and 7 patients with gliomas who were administered a bolus of gadolinium. We selected an arterial input function from both the left and right M1 segments of the MCA and both lateral ventricles of the choroid plexus for each participant. We compared the changes in the T2* signal and the calculated resting perfusion metrics using the arterial input functions selected from the MCA and choroid plexus.

RESULTS: We found no systematic difference between resting perfusion metrics in GM and WM when calculated using an arterial input function from the MCA or choroid plexus in the same participant.

CONCLUSIONS: The choroid plexus provides an alternative location from which an arterial input function may be sampled when a suitable measure over an MCA is not available.

AIF
:   arterial input function
CNR
:   contrast-to-noise ratio
CP
:   choroid plexus
ΔS
:   voxelwise T2* signal changes
GBCA
:   gadolinium-based contrast agent
rCBF
:   relative CBF
rCBV
:   relative CBV" />
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      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Neurovascular/Stroke Imaging</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">The Choroid Plexus as an Alternative Locus for the Identification of the Arterial Input Function for Calculating Cerebral Perfusion Metrics Using MRI</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Olivia Sobczyk</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Ece Su Sayin</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Julien Poublanc</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">James Duffin</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Andrea Para</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Joseph A. Fisher</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">David J. Mikulis</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">January 2024,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">45 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">44-50; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8099 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-105395--61096149562" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Olivia Sobczyk </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging and the Functional Neuroimaging Lab (O.S., E.S.S., J.P., J.D., A.P., J.A.F., D.J.M.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management (O.S., J.AF.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Olivia%2BSobczyk%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sobczyk%20O&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AOlivia%2BSobczyk%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8983-1043" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Olivia Sobczyk</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Ece Su Sayin </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging and the Functional Neuroimaging Lab (O.S., E.S.S., J.P., J.D., A.P., J.A.F., D.J.M.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Physiology (E.S.S., J.D., J.A.F.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Ece%2BSu%2BSayin%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sayin%20ES&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AEce%2BSu%2BSayin%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2419-751X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Ece Su Sayin</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Julien Poublanc </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging and the Functional Neuroimaging Lab (O.S., E.S.S., J.P., J.D., A.P., J.A.F., D.J.M.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Julien%2BPoublanc%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Poublanc%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJulien%2BPoublanc%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8377-9846" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Julien Poublanc</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">James Duffin </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging and the Functional Neuroimaging Lab (O.S., E.S.S., J.P., J.D., A.P., J.A.F., D.J.M.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Physiology (E.S.S., J.D., J.A.F.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=James%2BDuffin%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Duffin%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJames%2BDuffin%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2270-7392" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for James Duffin</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Andrea Para </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging and the Functional Neuroimaging Lab (O.S., E.S.S., J.P., J.D., A.P., J.A.F., D.J.M.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Andrea%2BPara%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Para%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" 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Fisher </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging and the Functional Neuroimaging Lab (O.S., E.S.S., J.P., J.D., A.P., J.A.F., D.J.M.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management (O.S., J.AF.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Physiology (E.S.S., J.D., J.A.F.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Joseph%2BA.%2BFisher%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Fisher%20JA&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJoseph%2BA.%2BFisher%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8911-3543" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Joseph A. Fisher</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">David J. Mikulis </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging and the Functional Neuroimaging Lab (O.S., E.S.S., J.P., J.D., A.P., J.A.F., D.J.M.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=David%2BJ.%2BMikulis%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mikulis%20DJ&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ADavid%2BJ.%2BMikulis%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3956-0892" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for David J. 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 45</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 1 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Jan 2024 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">The Choroid Plexus as an Alternative Locus for the Identification of the Arterial Input Function for Calculating Cerebral Perfusion Metrics Using MRI</div>  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jan 2024, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">45 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">44-50; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A8099 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">The Choroid Plexus as an Alternative Locus for the Identification of the Arterial Input Function for Calculating Cerebral Perfusion Metrics Using MRI</div>  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jan 2024, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">45 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">44-50; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A8099 </span></div>
  
  
  
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