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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension in Children: A Multi-Institutional Review of Spinal CSF Leaks Localized on Advanced Myelography" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="SUMMARY: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is an increasingly recognized syndrome caused by a spinal CSF leak, with most reported cases occurring in adults. The use of specialized or advanced myelography to localize spinal CSF leaks has evolved substantially in recent years, particularly since the initial description of CSF-venous fistulas in 2014. To our knowledge, no prior series have evaluated the use of specialized myelographic techniques to localize CSF leaks in children with spontaneous intracranial hypotension, likely because the disease is rare in this patient population. This issue may be compounded by a hesitation to perform invasive procedures in children. In this clinical report, we conducted a multi-institutional review of pediatric patients with spontaneous spinal CSF leaks localized using advanced myelographic techniques, such as prone and decubitus digital subtraction and CT myelography, as well as dynamic CT myelography. We report the clinical features of these patients, as well as imaging findings, types of leaks discovered, and method of treatment. We found that the primary types of spontaneous spinal CSF leaks that occur in adults, including dural tears and CSF fistulas, can be seen in children, too. Furthermore, we show that specialized myelographic techniques can successfully localize these leaks and facilitate effective targeted treatment.

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CVF
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DSM
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ICHD
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SIH
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ajay A. Madhavan" />
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Lalani Carlton Jones" />
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Timothy J. Amrhein" />
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Julie B. Guerin" />
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&lt;p&gt;Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is an increasingly recognized syndrome caused by a spinal CSF leak, with most reported cases occurring in adults. The use of specialized or advanced myelography to localize spinal CSF leaks has evolved substantially in recent years, particularly since the initial description of CSF-venous fistulas in 2014. To our knowledge, no prior series have evaluated the use of specialized myelographic techniques to localize CSF leaks in children with spontaneous intracranial hypotension, likely because the disease is rare in this patient population. This issue may be compounded by a hesitation to perform invasive procedures in children. In this clinical report, we conducted a multi-institutional review of pediatric patients with spontaneous spinal CSF leaks localized using advanced myelographic techniques, such as prone and decubitus digital subtraction and CT myelography, as well as dynamic CT myelography. We report the clinical features of these patients, as well as imaging findings, types of leaks discovered, and method of treatment. We found that the primary types of spontaneous spinal CSF leaks that occur in adults, including dural tears and CSF fistulas, can be seen in children, too. Furthermore, we show that specialized myelographic techniques can successfully localize these leaks and facilitate effective targeted treatment.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension in Children: A Multi-Institutional Review of Spinal CSF Leaks Localized on Advanced Myelography" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="SUMMARY: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is an increasingly recognized syndrome caused by a spinal CSF leak, with most reported cases occurring in adults. The use of specialized or advanced myelography to localize spinal CSF leaks has evolved substantially in recent years, particularly since the initial description of CSF-venous fistulas in 2014. To our knowledge, no prior series have evaluated the use of specialized myelographic techniques to localize CSF leaks in children with spontaneous intracranial hypotension, likely because the disease is rare in this patient population. This issue may be compounded by a hesitation to perform invasive procedures in children. In this clinical report, we conducted a multi-institutional review of pediatric patients with spontaneous spinal CSF leaks localized using advanced myelographic techniques, such as prone and decubitus digital subtraction and CT myelography, as well as dynamic CT myelography. We report the clinical features of these patients, as well as imaging findings, types of leaks discovered, and method of treatment. We found that the primary types of spontaneous spinal CSF leaks that occur in adults, including dural tears and CSF fistulas, can be seen in children, too. Furthermore, we show that specialized myelographic techniques can successfully localize these leaks and facilitate effective targeted treatment.

CTM
:   CT myelography
CVF
:   CSF-venous fistula
DSM
:   digital subtraction myelography
ICHD
:   International Classification of Headache Disorders
SIH
:   spontaneous intracranial hypotension" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension in Children: A Multi-Institutional Review of Spinal CSF Leaks Localized on Advanced Myelography" />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="SUMMARY: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is an increasingly recognized syndrome caused by a spinal CSF leak, with most reported cases occurring in adults. The use of specialized or advanced myelography to localize spinal CSF leaks has evolved substantially in recent years, particularly since the initial description of CSF-venous fistulas in 2014. To our knowledge, no prior series have evaluated the use of specialized myelographic techniques to localize CSF leaks in children with spontaneous intracranial hypotension, likely because the disease is rare in this patient population. This issue may be compounded by a hesitation to perform invasive procedures in children. In this clinical report, we conducted a multi-institutional review of pediatric patients with spontaneous spinal CSF leaks localized using advanced myelographic techniques, such as prone and decubitus digital subtraction and CT myelography, as well as dynamic CT myelography. We report the clinical features of these patients, as well as imaging findings, types of leaks discovered, and method of treatment. We found that the primary types of spontaneous spinal CSF leaks that occur in adults, including dural tears and CSF fistulas, can be seen in children, too. Furthermore, we show that specialized myelographic techniques can successfully localize these leaks and facilitate effective targeted treatment.

CTM
:   CT myelography
CVF
:   CSF-venous fistula
DSM
:   digital subtraction myelography
ICHD
:   International Classification of Headache Disorders
SIH
:   spontaneous intracranial hypotension" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node112052--5" data-node-nid="112052" id="top-node-112052--61757961312" data-pisa="ajnr;45/12/1921" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A8430" data-apath="/ajnr/45/12/1921.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Spine Imaging and Spine Image-Guided Interventions</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access highwire-citation-access-check" data-pisa-id="ajnr;ajnr.A8430" data-atom-uri="/ajnr/45/12/1921.atom" data-request-view="full"></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension in Children: A Multi-Institutional Review of Spinal CSF Leaks Localized on Advanced Myelography</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Ajay A. Madhavan</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Peter G. Kranz</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Lalani Carlton Jones</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">Edward S. Ahn</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Timothy J. Amrhein</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Waleed Brinjikji</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">Andrew Callen</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">Jeremy K. Cutsforth-Gregory</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">Mark D. Mamlouk</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">V. Michelle Silvera</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10">Julie B. Guerin</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">December 2024,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">45 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(12) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1921-1927; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8430 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-112052--61757961312" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Ajay A. Madhavan </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.A.M., W.B., V.M.S., J.B.G.), Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Ajay%2BA.%2BMadhavan%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Madhavan%20AA&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AAjay%2BA.%2BMadhavan%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1794-4502" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Ajay A. Madhavan</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Peter G. Kranz </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Division of Neuroradiology (P.G.K., T.J.A.), Department of Radiology, Duke Health, Durham, North Carolina</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Peter%2BG.%2BKranz%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kranz%20PG&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3APeter%2BG.%2BKranz%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5410-7135" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Peter G. Kranz</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Lalani Carlton Jones </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Radiology (L.C.J.), Guys and St Thomas’s and Kings College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trusts, London, UK</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Lalani%2BCarlton%2BJones%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Jones%20LC&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ALalani%2BCarlton%2BJones%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5810-7466" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Lalani Carlton Jones</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Edward S. Ahn </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Neurosurgery (E.S.A.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Edward%2BS.%2BAhn%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ahn%20ES&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AEdward%2BS.%2BAhn%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Timothy J. Amrhein </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Division of Neuroradiology (P.G.K., T.J.A.), Department of Radiology, Duke Health, Durham, North Carolina</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Timothy%2BJ.%2BAmrhein%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Amrhein%20TJ&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ATimothy%2BJ.%2BAmrhein%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9354-9486" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Timothy J. Amrhein</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Waleed Brinjikji </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.A.M., W.B., V.M.S., J.B.G.), Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Waleed%2BBrinjikji%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Brinjikji%20W&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AWaleed%2BBrinjikji%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5271-5524" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Waleed Brinjikji</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Andrew Callen </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Department of Radiology (A.C.), University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, Colorado</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Andrew%2BCallen%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Callen%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AAndrew%2BCallen%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2315-7767" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Andrew Callen</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Jeremy K. Cutsforth-Gregory </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>Department of Neurology (J.K.C.-G.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Jeremy%2BK.%2BCutsforth-Gregory%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cutsforth-Gregory%20JK&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJeremy%2BK.%2BCutsforth-Gregory%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5689-4424" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Jeremy K. Cutsforth-Gregory</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Mark D. Mamlouk </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>g</span>Department of Radiology (M.D.M.), Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Medical enter Santa Clara, Santa Clara, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Mark%2BD.%2BMamlouk%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mamlouk%20MD&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AMark%2BD.%2BMamlouk%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6689-8912" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Mark D. Mamlouk</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">V. Michelle Silvera </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.A.M., W.B., V.M.S., J.B.G.), Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=V.%2BMichelle%2BSilvera%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Silvera%20VM&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AV.%2BMichelle%2BSilvera%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-10"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Julie B. Guerin </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.A.M., W.B., V.M.S., J.B.G.), Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Julie%2BB.%2BGuerin%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Guerin%20JB&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJulie%2BB.%2BGuerin%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9193-6100" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Julie B. 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 45</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 12 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Dec 2024 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension in Children</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Ajay A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Madhavan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Peter G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kranz</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Lalani Carlton</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Jones</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Edward S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ahn</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Timothy J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Amrhein</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Waleed</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Brinjikji</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Andrew</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Callen</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">Jeremy K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cutsforth-Gregory</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">Mark D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mamlouk</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">V. Michelle</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Silvera</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">Julie B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Guerin</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Dec 2024, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">45 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(12) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1921-1927; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A8430 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Ajay A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Madhavan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Peter G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kranz</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Lalani Carlton</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Jones</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Edward S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ahn</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Timothy J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Amrhein</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Waleed</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Brinjikji</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Andrew</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Callen</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">Jeremy K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cutsforth-Gregory</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">Mark D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mamlouk</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">V. Michelle</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Silvera</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">Julie B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Guerin</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Dec 2024, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">45 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(12) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1921-1927; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A8430 </span></div>
  
  
  
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