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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Quantification of T2-FLAIR Mismatch in Nonenhancing Diffuse Gliomas Using Digital Subtraction" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A8094" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2024-02-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2024 by American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="restricted" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The T2-FLAIR mismatch sign on MR imaging is a highly specific imaging biomarker of isocitrate dehydrogenase ( IDH )-mutant astrocytomas, which lack 1p/19q codeletion. However, most studies using the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign have used visual assessment. This study quantified the degree of T2-FLAIR mismatch using digital subtraction of fluid-nulled T2-weighted FLAIR images from non-fluid-nulled T2-weighted images in human nonenhancing diffuse gliomas and then used this information to assess improvements in diagnostic performance and investigate subregion characteristics within these lesions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two cohorts of treatment-naïve, nonenhancing gliomas with known IDH and 1p/19q status were studied ( n  = 71 from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) and n  = 34 in the institutional cohort). 3D volumes of interest corresponding to the tumor were segmented, and digital subtraction maps of T2-weighted MR imaging minus T2-weighted FLAIR MR imaging were used to partition each volume of interest into a T2-FLAIR mismatched subregion (T2-FLAIR mismatch, corresponding to voxels with positive values on the subtraction maps) and nonmismatched subregion (T2-FLAIR nonmismatch corresponding to voxels with negative values on the subtraction maps). Tumor subregion volumes, percentage of T2-FLAIR mismatch volume, and T2-FLAIR nonmismatch subregion thickness were calculated, and 2 radiologists assessed the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign with and without the aid of T2-FLAIR subtraction maps.

RESULTS: Thresholds of ≥42% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume classified IDH -mutant astrocytoma with a specificity/sensitivity of 100%/19.6% (TCIA) and 100%/31.6% (institutional); ≥25% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume showed 92.0%/32.6% and 100%/63.2% specificity/sensitivity, and ≥15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume showed 88.0%/39.1% and 93.3%/79.0% specificity/sensitivity. In IDH -mutant astrocytomas with ≥15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume, T2-FLAIR nonmismatch subregion thickness was negatively correlated with the percentage T2-FLAIR mismatch volume ( P  &lt; .0001) across both cohorts. The percentage T2-FLAIR mismatch volume was higher in grades 3–4 compared with grade 2 IDH -mutant astrocytomas ( P  &lt; .05), and ≥15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume IDH- mutant astrocytomas were significantly larger than &lt;15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume IDH -mutant astrocytoma ( P  &lt; .05) across both cohorts. When evaluated by 2 radiologists, the additional use of T2-FLAIR subtraction maps did not show a significant difference in interreader agreement, sensitivity, or specificity compared with a separate evaluation of T2-FLAIR and T2-weighted MR imaging alone.

CONCLUSIONS: T2-FLAIR digital subtraction maps may be a useful, automated tool to obtain objective segmentations of tumor subregions based on quantitative thresholds for classifying IDH -mutant astrocytomas using the percentage T2 FLAIR mismatch volume with 100% specificity and exploring T2-FLAIR mismatch/T2-FLAIR nonmismatch subregion characteristics. Conversely, the addition of T2-FLAIR subtraction maps did not enhance the sensitivity or specificity of the visual T2-FLAIR mismatch sign assessment by experienced radiologists.

AUC
:   area under curve
IDH m
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant
IDH m-A
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant astrocytoma
IDH m-O
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant oligodendroglioma
IDH wt
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type
NAWM
:   normal-appearing white matter
ROC
:   receiver operating characteristic
TCIA
:   The Cancer Imaging Archive
T2FM
:   T2-FLAIR mismatch
T2FNM
:   T2-FLAIR nonmismatch
VOI
:   volume of interest" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Nicholas S. Cho" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Francesco Sanvito" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Viên Lam Le" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Sonoko Oshima" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ashley Teraishi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Jingwen Yao" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Donatello Telesca" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Catalina Raymond" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Whitney B. Pope" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Phioanh L. Nghiemphu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Albert Lai" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Timothy F. Cloughesy" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Noriko Salamon" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Benjamin M. Ellingson" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2024-02-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Brain Tumor Imaging" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Quantification of T2-FLAIR Mismatch in Nonenhancing Diffuse Gliomas Using Digital Subtraction" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The T2-FLAIR mismatch sign on MR imaging is a highly specific imaging biomarker of isocitrate dehydrogenase (&lt;i&gt;IDH&lt;/i&gt;)-mutant astrocytomas, which lack 1p/19q codeletion. However, most studies using the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign have used visual assessment. This study quantified the degree of T2-FLAIR mismatch using digital subtraction of fluid-nulled T2-weighted FLAIR images from non-fluid-nulled T2-weighted images in human nonenhancing diffuse gliomas and then used this information to assess improvements in diagnostic performance and investigate subregion characteristics within these lesions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Two cohorts of treatment-naïve, nonenhancing gliomas with known &lt;i&gt;IDH&lt;/i&gt; and 1p/19q status were studied (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 71 from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) and &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 34 in the institutional cohort). 3D volumes of interest corresponding to the tumor were segmented, and digital subtraction maps of T2-weighted MR imaging minus T2-weighted FLAIR MR imaging were used to partition each volume of interest into a T2-FLAIR mismatched subregion (T2-FLAIR mismatch, corresponding to voxels with positive values on the subtraction maps) and nonmismatched subregion (T2-FLAIR nonmismatch corresponding to voxels with negative values on the subtraction maps). Tumor subregion volumes, percentage of T2-FLAIR mismatch volume, and T2-FLAIR nonmismatch subregion thickness were calculated, and 2 radiologists assessed the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign with and without the aid of T2-FLAIR subtraction maps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thresholds of ≥42% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume classified &lt;i&gt;IDH&lt;/i&gt;-mutant astrocytoma with a specificity/sensitivity of 100%/19.6% (TCIA) and 100%/31.6% (institutional); ≥25% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume showed 92.0%/32.6% and 100%/63.2% specificity/sensitivity, and ≥15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume showed 88.0%/39.1% and 93.3%/79.0% specificity/sensitivity. In &lt;i&gt;IDH&lt;/i&gt;-mutant astrocytomas with ≥15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume, T2-FLAIR nonmismatch subregion thickness was negatively correlated with the percentage T2-FLAIR mismatch volume (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt; .0001) across both cohorts. The percentage T2-FLAIR mismatch volume was higher in grades 3–4 compared with grade 2 &lt;i&gt;IDH&lt;/i&gt;-mutant astrocytomas (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt; .05), and ≥15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume &lt;i&gt;IDH-&lt;/i&gt;mutant astrocytomas were significantly larger than &amp;lt;15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume &lt;i&gt;IDH&lt;/i&gt;-mutant astrocytoma (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt; .05) across both cohorts. When evaluated by 2 radiologists, the additional use of T2-FLAIR subtraction maps did not show a significant difference in interreader agreement, sensitivity, or specificity compared with a separate evaluation of T2-FLAIR and T2-weighted MR imaging alone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;T2-FLAIR digital subtraction maps may be a useful, automated tool to obtain objective segmentations of tumor subregions based on quantitative thresholds for classifying &lt;i&gt;IDH&lt;/i&gt;-mutant astrocytomas using the percentage T2 FLAIR mismatch volume with 100% specificity and exploring T2-FLAIR mismatch/T2-FLAIR nonmismatch subregion characteristics. Conversely, the addition of T2-FLAIR subtraction maps did not enhance the sensitivity or specificity of the visual T2-FLAIR mismatch sign assessment by experienced radiologists.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Nicholas S. Cho" />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="cDepartment of Bioengineering (N.S.C., V.L.L., B.M.E.), Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="dMedical Scientist Training Program (N.S.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California" />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="bDepartment of Radiological Sciences (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., W.B.P., N.S., B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="cDepartment of Bioengineering (N.S.C., V.L.L., B.M.E.), Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="hDepartment of Neurosurgery (B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="iDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Quantification of T2-FLAIR Mismatch in Nonenhancing Diffuse Gliomas Using Digital Subtraction" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The T2-FLAIR mismatch sign on MR imaging is a highly specific imaging biomarker of isocitrate dehydrogenase ( IDH )-mutant astrocytomas, which lack 1p/19q codeletion. However, most studies using the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign have used visual assessment. This study quantified the degree of T2-FLAIR mismatch using digital subtraction of fluid-nulled T2-weighted FLAIR images from non-fluid-nulled T2-weighted images in human nonenhancing diffuse gliomas and then used this information to assess improvements in diagnostic performance and investigate subregion characteristics within these lesions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two cohorts of treatment-naïve, nonenhancing gliomas with known IDH and 1p/19q status were studied ( n  = 71 from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) and n  = 34 in the institutional cohort). 3D volumes of interest corresponding to the tumor were segmented, and digital subtraction maps of T2-weighted MR imaging minus T2-weighted FLAIR MR imaging were used to partition each volume of interest into a T2-FLAIR mismatched subregion (T2-FLAIR mismatch, corresponding to voxels with positive values on the subtraction maps) and nonmismatched subregion (T2-FLAIR nonmismatch corresponding to voxels with negative values on the subtraction maps). Tumor subregion volumes, percentage of T2-FLAIR mismatch volume, and T2-FLAIR nonmismatch subregion thickness were calculated, and 2 radiologists assessed the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign with and without the aid of T2-FLAIR subtraction maps.

RESULTS: Thresholds of ≥42% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume classified IDH -mutant astrocytoma with a specificity/sensitivity of 100%/19.6% (TCIA) and 100%/31.6% (institutional); ≥25% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume showed 92.0%/32.6% and 100%/63.2% specificity/sensitivity, and ≥15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume showed 88.0%/39.1% and 93.3%/79.0% specificity/sensitivity. In IDH -mutant astrocytomas with ≥15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume, T2-FLAIR nonmismatch subregion thickness was negatively correlated with the percentage T2-FLAIR mismatch volume ( P  &lt; .0001) across both cohorts. The percentage T2-FLAIR mismatch volume was higher in grades 3–4 compared with grade 2 IDH -mutant astrocytomas ( P  &lt; .05), and ≥15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume IDH- mutant astrocytomas were significantly larger than &lt;15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume IDH -mutant astrocytoma ( P  &lt; .05) across both cohorts. When evaluated by 2 radiologists, the additional use of T2-FLAIR subtraction maps did not show a significant difference in interreader agreement, sensitivity, or specificity compared with a separate evaluation of T2-FLAIR and T2-weighted MR imaging alone.

CONCLUSIONS: T2-FLAIR digital subtraction maps may be a useful, automated tool to obtain objective segmentations of tumor subregions based on quantitative thresholds for classifying IDH -mutant astrocytomas using the percentage T2 FLAIR mismatch volume with 100% specificity and exploring T2-FLAIR mismatch/T2-FLAIR nonmismatch subregion characteristics. Conversely, the addition of T2-FLAIR subtraction maps did not enhance the sensitivity or specificity of the visual T2-FLAIR mismatch sign assessment by experienced radiologists.

AUC
:   area under curve
IDH m
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant
IDH m-A
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant astrocytoma
IDH m-O
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant oligodendroglioma
IDH wt
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type
NAWM
:   normal-appearing white matter
ROC
:   receiver operating characteristic
TCIA
:   The Cancer Imaging Archive
T2FM
:   T2-FLAIR mismatch
T2FNM
:   T2-FLAIR nonmismatch
VOI
:   volume of interest" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Quantification of T2-FLAIR Mismatch in Nonenhancing Diffuse Gliomas Using Digital Subtraction" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/45/2/188" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The T2-FLAIR mismatch sign on MR imaging is a highly specific imaging biomarker of isocitrate dehydrogenase ( IDH )-mutant astrocytomas, which lack 1p/19q codeletion. However, most studies using the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign have used visual assessment. This study quantified the degree of T2-FLAIR mismatch using digital subtraction of fluid-nulled T2-weighted FLAIR images from non-fluid-nulled T2-weighted images in human nonenhancing diffuse gliomas and then used this information to assess improvements in diagnostic performance and investigate subregion characteristics within these lesions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two cohorts of treatment-naïve, nonenhancing gliomas with known IDH and 1p/19q status were studied ( n  = 71 from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) and n  = 34 in the institutional cohort). 3D volumes of interest corresponding to the tumor were segmented, and digital subtraction maps of T2-weighted MR imaging minus T2-weighted FLAIR MR imaging were used to partition each volume of interest into a T2-FLAIR mismatched subregion (T2-FLAIR mismatch, corresponding to voxels with positive values on the subtraction maps) and nonmismatched subregion (T2-FLAIR nonmismatch corresponding to voxels with negative values on the subtraction maps). Tumor subregion volumes, percentage of T2-FLAIR mismatch volume, and T2-FLAIR nonmismatch subregion thickness were calculated, and 2 radiologists assessed the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign with and without the aid of T2-FLAIR subtraction maps.

RESULTS: Thresholds of ≥42% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume classified IDH -mutant astrocytoma with a specificity/sensitivity of 100%/19.6% (TCIA) and 100%/31.6% (institutional); ≥25% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume showed 92.0%/32.6% and 100%/63.2% specificity/sensitivity, and ≥15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume showed 88.0%/39.1% and 93.3%/79.0% specificity/sensitivity. In IDH -mutant astrocytomas with ≥15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume, T2-FLAIR nonmismatch subregion thickness was negatively correlated with the percentage T2-FLAIR mismatch volume ( P  &lt; .0001) across both cohorts. The percentage T2-FLAIR mismatch volume was higher in grades 3–4 compared with grade 2 IDH -mutant astrocytomas ( P  &lt; .05), and ≥15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume IDH- mutant astrocytomas were significantly larger than &lt;15% T2-FLAIR mismatch volume IDH -mutant astrocytoma ( P  &lt; .05) across both cohorts. When evaluated by 2 radiologists, the additional use of T2-FLAIR subtraction maps did not show a significant difference in interreader agreement, sensitivity, or specificity compared with a separate evaluation of T2-FLAIR and T2-weighted MR imaging alone.

CONCLUSIONS: T2-FLAIR digital subtraction maps may be a useful, automated tool to obtain objective segmentations of tumor subregions based on quantitative thresholds for classifying IDH -mutant astrocytomas using the percentage T2 FLAIR mismatch volume with 100% specificity and exploring T2-FLAIR mismatch/T2-FLAIR nonmismatch subregion characteristics. Conversely, the addition of T2-FLAIR subtraction maps did not enhance the sensitivity or specificity of the visual T2-FLAIR mismatch sign assessment by experienced radiologists.

AUC
:   area under curve
IDH m
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant
IDH m-A
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant astrocytoma
IDH m-O
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant oligodendroglioma
IDH wt
:   isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type
NAWM
:   normal-appearing white matter
ROC
:   receiver operating characteristic
TCIA
:   The Cancer Imaging Archive
T2FM
:   T2-FLAIR mismatch
T2FNM
:   T2-FLAIR nonmismatch
VOI
:   volume of interest" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node105851--7" data-node-nid="105851" id="top-node-105851--8529516509" data-pisa="ajnr;45/2/188" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A8094" data-apath="/ajnr/45/2/188.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Brain Tumor Imaging</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access highwire-citation-access-check" data-pisa-id="ajnr;ajnr.A8094" data-atom-uri="/ajnr/45/2/188.atom" data-request-view="full"></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Quantification of T2-FLAIR Mismatch in Nonenhancing Diffuse Gliomas Using Digital Subtraction</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Nicholas S. Cho</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Francesco Sanvito</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Viên Lam Le</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">Sonoko Oshima</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Ashley Teraishi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Jingwen Yao</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">Donatello Telesca</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">Catalina Raymond</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">Whitney B. Pope</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">Phioanh L. Nghiemphu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10">Albert Lai</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11">Timothy F. Cloughesy</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12">Noriko Salamon</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13">Benjamin M. Ellingson</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">February 2024,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">45 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(2) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">188-197; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8094 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-105851--8529516509" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Nicholas S. Cho </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Radiological Sciences (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., W.B.P., N.S., B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Bioengineering (N.S.C., V.L.L., B.M.E.), Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Medical Scientist Training Program (N.S.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Nicholas%2BS.%2BCho%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cho%20NS&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ANicholas%2BS.%2BCho%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8686-0575" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Nicholas S. Cho</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Francesco Sanvito </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Radiological Sciences (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., W.B.P., N.S., B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Francesco%2BSanvito%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sanvito%20F&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AFrancesco%2BSanvito%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3379-9958" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Francesco Sanvito</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Viên Lam Le </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Radiological Sciences (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., W.B.P., N.S., B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Bioengineering (N.S.C., V.L.L., B.M.E.), Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Vi%C3%AAn%2BLam%2BLe%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Le%20VL&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AVi%25C3%25AAn%2BLam%2BLe%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Sonoko Oshima </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Radiological Sciences (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., W.B.P., N.S., B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Sonoko%2BOshima%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Oshima%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ASonoko%2BOshima%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Ashley Teraishi </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Radiological Sciences (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., W.B.P., N.S., B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Ashley%2BTeraishi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Teraishi%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AAshley%2BTeraishi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3442-8109" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Ashley Teraishi</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Jingwen Yao </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Radiological Sciences (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., W.B.P., N.S., B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Jingwen%2BYao%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Yao%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJingwen%2BYao%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8828-1841" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Jingwen Yao</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Donatello Telesca </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Department of Biostatistics (D.T.), Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Donatello%2BTelesca%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Telesca%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ADonatello%2BTelesca%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Catalina Raymond </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Radiological Sciences (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., W.B.P., N.S., B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Catalina%2BRaymond%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Raymond%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ACatalina%2BRaymond%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2757-439X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Catalina Raymond</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Whitney B. Pope </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Radiological Sciences (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., W.B.P., N.S., B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Whitney%2BB.%2BPope%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Pope%20WB&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AWhitney%2BB.%2BPope%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4803-1992" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Whitney B. Pope</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Phioanh L. Nghiemphu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program (P.L.N., A.L., T.F.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>g</span>Department of Neurology (P.L.N., A.L., T.F.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Phioanh%2BL.%2BNghiemphu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Nghiemphu%20PL&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3APhioanh%2BL.%2BNghiemphu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4064-6079" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Phioanh L. Nghiemphu</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-10"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Albert Lai </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program (P.L.N., A.L., T.F.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>g</span>Department of Neurology (P.L.N., A.L., T.F.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Albert%2BLai%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lai%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AAlbert%2BLai%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-2986" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Albert Lai</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-11"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Timothy F. Cloughesy </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program (P.L.N., A.L., T.F.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>g</span>Department of Neurology (P.L.N., A.L., T.F.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Timothy%2BF.%2BCloughesy%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cloughesy%20TF&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ATimothy%2BF.%2BCloughesy%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-7483" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Timothy F. Cloughesy</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-12"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Noriko Salamon </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Radiological Sciences (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., W.B.P., N.S., B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Noriko%2BSalamon%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Salamon%20N&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ANoriko%2BSalamon%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3520-9467" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Noriko Salamon</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-13"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Benjamin M. Ellingson </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Radiological Sciences (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., W.B.P., N.S., B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Bioengineering (N.S.C., V.L.L., B.M.E.), Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>h</span>Department of Neurosurgery (B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>i</span>Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Benjamin%2BM.%2BEllingson%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ellingson%20BM&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ABenjamin%2BM.%2BEllingson%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2764-6640" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Benjamin M. 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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">vol. 45 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">no. 2 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-page-string highwire-cite-metadata">188-197 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="contributors"><ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1"><li class="contributor" id="contrib-1"><span class="name">Nicholas S. Cho</span><a id="xref-aff-1-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-2-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">b</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-3-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-3">c</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-4-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-4">d</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-2"><span class="name">Francesco Sanvito</span><a id="xref-aff-1-2" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-2-2" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">b</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-3"><span class="name">Viên Lam Le</span><a id="xref-aff-1-3" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-2-3" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">b</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-3-2" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-3">c</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-4"><span class="name">Sonoko Oshima</span><a id="xref-aff-1-4" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-2-4" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">b</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-5"><span class="name">Ashley Teraishi</span><a id="xref-aff-1-5" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-2-5" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">b</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-6"><span class="name">Jingwen Yao</span><a id="xref-aff-1-6" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-2-6" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">b</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-7"><span class="name">Donatello Telesca</span><a id="xref-aff-5-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-5">e</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-8"><span class="name">Catalina Raymond</span><a id="xref-aff-1-7" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-2-7" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">b</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-9"><span class="name">Whitney B. Pope</span><a id="xref-aff-2-8" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">b</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-10"><span class="name">Phioanh L. Nghiemphu</span><a id="xref-aff-6-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-6">f</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-7-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-7">g</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-11"><span class="name">Albert Lai</span><a id="xref-aff-6-2" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-6">f</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-7-2" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-7">g</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-12"><span class="name">Timothy F. Cloughesy</span><a id="xref-aff-6-3" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-6">f</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-7-3" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-7">g</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-13"><span class="name">Noriko Salamon</span><a id="xref-aff-2-9" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">b</a> and </li><li class="last" id="contrib-14"><span class="name">Benjamin M. Ellingson</span><a id="xref-aff-1-8" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-2-10" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">b</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-3-3" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-3">c</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-8-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-8">h</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-9-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-9">i</a></li></ol><ol class="affiliation-list"><li class="aff"><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1"></a><address><sup>a</sup>From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-2" name="aff-2"></a><address><sup>b</sup>Department of Radiological Sciences (N.S.C., F.S., V.L.L., S.O., A.T., J.Y., C.R., W.B.P., N.S., B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-3" name="aff-3"></a><address><sup>c</sup>Department of Bioengineering (N.S.C., V.L.L., B.M.E.), Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-4" name="aff-4"></a><address><sup>d</sup>Medical Scientist Training Program (N.S.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-5" name="aff-5"></a><address><sup>e</sup>Department of Biostatistics (D.T.), Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-6" name="aff-6"></a><address><sup>f</sup>UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program (P.L.N., A.L., T.F.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-7" name="aff-7"></a><address><sup>g</sup>Department of Neurology (P.L.N., A.L., T.F.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-8" name="aff-8"></a><address><sup>h</sup>Department of Neurosurgery (B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-9" name="aff-9"></a><address><sup>i</sup>Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</address></li></ol><ol class="corresp-list"><li class="corresp" id="corresp-1">Please address correspondence to Benjamin M. Ellingson, PhD, <span class="addr-line">Departments of Radiological Sciences, Psychiatry, and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 924 Westwood Blvd, Ste 615, Los Angeles, CA 90024</span>; e-mail: <span class="em-link"><span class="em-addr">bellingson{at}mednet.ucla.edu</span></span></li></ol></div></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/45/2/188.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Nicholas S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cho</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Francesco</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sanvito</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Viên Lam</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Le</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Sonoko</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Oshima</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Ashley</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Teraishi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Jingwen</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Yao</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Donatello</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Telesca</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">Catalina</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Raymond</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">Whitney B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pope</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">Phioanh L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Nghiemphu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">Albert</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Lai</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">Timothy F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cloughesy</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">Noriko</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Salamon</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13"><span class="nlm-given-names">Benjamin M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ellingson</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Feb 2024, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">45 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(2) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">188-197; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A8094 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Quantification of T2-FLAIR Mismatch in Nonenhancing Diffuse Gliomas Using Digital Subtraction</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Nicholas S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cho</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Francesco</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sanvito</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Viên Lam</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Le</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Sonoko</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Oshima</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Ashley</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Teraishi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Jingwen</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Yao</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Donatello</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Telesca</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">Catalina</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Raymond</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">Whitney B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pope</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">Phioanh L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Nghiemphu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">Albert</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Lai</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">Timothy F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cloughesy</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">Noriko</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Salamon</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13"><span class="nlm-given-names">Benjamin M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ellingson</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Feb 2024, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">45 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(2) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">188-197; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A8094 </span></div>
  
  
  
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