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<meta name="HW.identifier" content="/ajnr/early/2024/12/26/ajnr.A8450.atom" />
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<meta name="DC.Language" content="en" />
<meta name="DC.Title" content="Neuroradiologic, Clinical, and Genetic Characterization of Cerebellar Heterotopia: A Pediatric Multicentric Study" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A8450" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2024-12-27" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2025 by American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="restricted" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebellar heterotopia (CH) is a neuroradiologic abnormality that is poorly reported and investigated in the literature. It can be observed as an isolated finding, but it has been mainly reported in the context of cerebellar dysgenesis and syndromic conditions. This study aims to provide a comprehensive neuroradiologic, clinical, and genetic characterization of a cohort of pediatric patients with CH.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of CH were systematically selected from the neuroimaging databases of the 4 Italian centers participating in this retrospective study. For each patient, information regarding demographic, clinical, genetic, and neuroradiologic data was collected.

RESULTS: Thirty-two pediatric patients were recruited and subdivided into 2 groups: patients with isolated CH and/or cerebellar malformations ( n = 18) and patients with CH associated with cerebral malformations ( n = 14). Isolated CH consistently showed a peripheral subcortical localization in the inferior portion of cerebellar hemispheres, with either unilateral or bilateral distribution. Ten patients belonging to the second group had a diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome, and their nodules of CH were mainly but not exclusively bilateral, symmetric, located in the peripheral subcortical zone and the inferior portion of the cerebellar hemispheres. The remaining 4 patients of the second group showed either bilateral or unilateral CH, located in both the peripheral cortex and deep white matter and the superior and inferior portions of cerebellum. Patients with isolated CH showed a high prevalence of language development delay; neurodevelopmental disorders were the most represented clinical diagnoses. Recurring features were behavioral problems and motor difficulties. A conclusive genetic diagnosis was found in 18/32 patients.

CONCLUSIONS: We found distinctive neuroradiologic patterns of CH. Genetic results raise the possibility of a correlation between cerebellar morphologic and functional developmental disruption, underscoring the importance of CH detection and reporting to orient the diagnostic path.

ASD
:   autism spectrum disorder
CC
:   corpus callosum
CH
:   cerebellar heterotopia
IVH
:   inferior vermian hypoplasia
WES
:   whole exome sequencing" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ludovica Pasca" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Filippo Arrigoni" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Romina Romaniello" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Maria Savina Severino" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Davide Politano" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Fulvio D’Abrusco" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Jessica Garau" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Valentina De Giorgis" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Adriana Carpani" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Sabrina Signorini" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Simona Orcesi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Felice D’Arco" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Enrico Alfei" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Elisa Cattaneo" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Elisa Rognone" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Sara Uccella" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Maria Teresa Divizia" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Paolo Infantino" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Enza Maria Valente" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Renato Borgatti" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Anna Pichiecchio" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2024-12-26" />
<meta name="article:section" content="PEDIATRIC NEUROIMAGING" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Neuroradiologic, Clinical, and Genetic Characterization of Cerebellar Heterotopia: A Pediatric Multicentric Study" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cerebellar heterotopia (CH) is a neuroradiologic abnormality that is poorly reported and investigated in the literature. It can be observed as an isolated finding, but it has been mainly reported in the context of cerebellar dysgenesis and syndromic conditions. This study aims to provide a comprehensive neuroradiologic, clinical, and genetic characterization of a cohort of pediatric patients with CH.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Patients with a diagnosis of CH were systematically selected from the neuroimaging databases of the 4 Italian centers participating in this retrospective study. For each patient, information regarding demographic, clinical, genetic, and neuroradiologic data was collected.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thirty-two pediatric patients were recruited and subdivided into 2 groups: patients with isolated CH and/or cerebellar malformations (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 18) and patients with CH associated with cerebral malformations (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 14). Isolated CH consistently showed a peripheral subcortical localization in the inferior portion of cerebellar hemispheres, with either unilateral or bilateral distribution. Ten patients belonging to the second group had a diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome, and their nodules of CH were mainly but not exclusively bilateral, symmetric, located in the peripheral subcortical zone and the inferior portion of the cerebellar hemispheres. The remaining 4 patients of the second group showed either bilateral or unilateral CH, located in both the peripheral cortex and deep white matter and the superior and inferior portions of cerebellum. Patients with isolated CH showed a high prevalence of language development delay; neurodevelopmental disorders were the most represented clinical diagnoses. Recurring features were behavioral problems and motor difficulties. A conclusive genetic diagnosis was found in 18/32 patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We found distinctive neuroradiologic patterns of CH. Genetic results raise the possibility of a correlation between cerebellar morphologic and functional developmental disruption, underscoring the importance of CH detection and reporting to orient the diagnostic path.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Enza Maria Valente" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Neuroradiologic, Clinical, and Genetic Characterization of Cerebellar Heterotopia: A Pediatric Multicentric Study" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebellar heterotopia (CH) is a neuroradiologic abnormality that is poorly reported and investigated in the literature. It can be observed as an isolated finding, but it has been mainly reported in the context of cerebellar dysgenesis and syndromic conditions. This study aims to provide a comprehensive neuroradiologic, clinical, and genetic characterization of a cohort of pediatric patients with CH.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of CH were systematically selected from the neuroimaging databases of the 4 Italian centers participating in this retrospective study. For each patient, information regarding demographic, clinical, genetic, and neuroradiologic data was collected.

RESULTS: Thirty-two pediatric patients were recruited and subdivided into 2 groups: patients with isolated CH and/or cerebellar malformations ( n = 18) and patients with CH associated with cerebral malformations ( n = 14). Isolated CH consistently showed a peripheral subcortical localization in the inferior portion of cerebellar hemispheres, with either unilateral or bilateral distribution. Ten patients belonging to the second group had a diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome, and their nodules of CH were mainly but not exclusively bilateral, symmetric, located in the peripheral subcortical zone and the inferior portion of the cerebellar hemispheres. The remaining 4 patients of the second group showed either bilateral or unilateral CH, located in both the peripheral cortex and deep white matter and the superior and inferior portions of cerebellum. Patients with isolated CH showed a high prevalence of language development delay; neurodevelopmental disorders were the most represented clinical diagnoses. Recurring features were behavioral problems and motor difficulties. A conclusive genetic diagnosis was found in 18/32 patients.

CONCLUSIONS: We found distinctive neuroradiologic patterns of CH. Genetic results raise the possibility of a correlation between cerebellar morphologic and functional developmental disruption, underscoring the importance of CH detection and reporting to orient the diagnostic path.

ASD
:   autism spectrum disorder
CC
:   corpus callosum
CH
:   cerebellar heterotopia
IVH
:   inferior vermian hypoplasia
WES
:   whole exome sequencing" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Neuroradiologic, Clinical, and Genetic Characterization of Cerebellar Heterotopia: A Pediatric Multicentric Study" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/early/2024/12/26/ajnr.A8450" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebellar heterotopia (CH) is a neuroradiologic abnormality that is poorly reported and investigated in the literature. It can be observed as an isolated finding, but it has been mainly reported in the context of cerebellar dysgenesis and syndromic conditions. This study aims to provide a comprehensive neuroradiologic, clinical, and genetic characterization of a cohort of pediatric patients with CH.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of CH were systematically selected from the neuroimaging databases of the 4 Italian centers participating in this retrospective study. For each patient, information regarding demographic, clinical, genetic, and neuroradiologic data was collected.

RESULTS: Thirty-two pediatric patients were recruited and subdivided into 2 groups: patients with isolated CH and/or cerebellar malformations ( n = 18) and patients with CH associated with cerebral malformations ( n = 14). Isolated CH consistently showed a peripheral subcortical localization in the inferior portion of cerebellar hemispheres, with either unilateral or bilateral distribution. Ten patients belonging to the second group had a diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome, and their nodules of CH were mainly but not exclusively bilateral, symmetric, located in the peripheral subcortical zone and the inferior portion of the cerebellar hemispheres. The remaining 4 patients of the second group showed either bilateral or unilateral CH, located in both the peripheral cortex and deep white matter and the superior and inferior portions of cerebellum. Patients with isolated CH showed a high prevalence of language development delay; neurodevelopmental disorders were the most represented clinical diagnoses. Recurring features were behavioral problems and motor difficulties. A conclusive genetic diagnosis was found in 18/32 patients.

CONCLUSIONS: We found distinctive neuroradiologic patterns of CH. Genetic results raise the possibility of a correlation between cerebellar morphologic and functional developmental disruption, underscoring the importance of CH detection and reporting to orient the diagnostic path.

ASD
:   autism spectrum disorder
CC
:   corpus callosum
CH
:   cerebellar heterotopia
IVH
:   inferior vermian hypoplasia
WES
:   whole exome sequencing" />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Neuroradiologic, Clinical, and Genetic Characterization of Cerebellar Heterotopia: A Pediatric Multicentric Study</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Ludovica Pasca</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Filippo Arrigoni</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Romina Romaniello</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">Maria Savina Severino</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Davide Politano</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Fulvio D’Abrusco</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">Jessica Garau</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">Valentina De Giorgis</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">Adriana Carpani</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">Sabrina Signorini</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10">Simona Orcesi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11">Felice D’Arco</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12">Enrico Alfei</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13">Elisa Cattaneo</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="14">Elisa Rognone</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="15">Sara Uccella</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="16">Maria Teresa Divizia</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="17">Paolo Infantino</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="18">Enza Maria Valente</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="19">Renato Borgatti</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="20">Anna Pichiecchio</span></span></div>
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-112503--61218637468" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Ludovica Pasca </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (L.P., D.P., V.D.G., S.O., R.B., A.P.), and Molecular Medicine (F.D., E.M.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (L.P., R.R., D.P., V.D.G., A.C., S.S., S.O., R.B.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Ludovica%2BPasca%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Pasca%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ALudovica%2BPasca%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Filippo Arrigoni </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Radiology and Neuroradiology Department (F.A.), Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Filippo%2BArrigoni%2B" target="_blank" class="" 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D.P., V.D.G., A.C., S.S., S.O., R.B.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Romina%2BRomaniello%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Romaniello%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ARomina%2BRomaniello%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8709-6732" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Romina Romaniello</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Maria Savina Severino </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>l</span>Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.S.), Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (S.U.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Maria%2BSavina%2BSeverino%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Severino%20MS&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" 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class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>m</span>Genomics and Clinical Genetics Unit (M.T.D., P.I.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>n</span>Università degli Studi di Genova (P.I.), Genoa, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Paolo%2BInfantino%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Infantino%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3APaolo%2BInfantino%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search 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Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (L.P., R.R., D.P., V.D.G., A.C., S.S., S.O., R.B.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Renato%2BBorgatti%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Borgatti%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ARenato%2BBorgatti%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-4994" target="_blank" class="" 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance="highwire_reflinks_tooltip" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div class="article abstract-view "><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-start"></span><div class="section abstract" id="abstract-1"><h2>Abstract</h2><div id="sec-1" class="subsection"><p id="p-1"><strong>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</strong> Cerebellar heterotopia (CH) is a neuroradiologic abnormality that is poorly reported and investigated in the literature. It can be observed as an isolated finding, but it has been mainly reported in the context of cerebellar dysgenesis and syndromic conditions. This study aims to provide a comprehensive neuroradiologic, clinical, and genetic characterization of a cohort of pediatric patients with CH.</p></div><div id="sec-2" class="subsection"><p id="p-2"><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</strong> Patients with a diagnosis of CH were systematically selected from the neuroimaging databases of the 4 Italian centers participating in this retrospective study. For each patient, information regarding demographic, clinical, genetic, and neuroradiologic data was collected.</p></div><div id="sec-3" class="subsection"><p id="p-3"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Thirty-two pediatric patients were recruited and subdivided into 2 groups: patients with isolated CH and/or cerebellar malformations (<em>n</em> = 18) and patients with CH associated with cerebral malformations (<em>n</em> = 14). Isolated CH consistently showed a peripheral subcortical localization in the inferior portion of cerebellar hemispheres, with either unilateral or bilateral distribution. Ten patients belonging to the second group had a diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome, and their nodules of CH were mainly but not exclusively bilateral, symmetric, located in the peripheral subcortical zone and the inferior portion of the cerebellar hemispheres. The remaining 4 patients of the second group showed either bilateral or unilateral CH, located in both the peripheral cortex and deep white matter and the superior and inferior portions of cerebellum. Patients with isolated CH showed a high prevalence of language development delay; neurodevelopmental disorders were the most represented clinical diagnoses. Recurring features were behavioral problems and motor difficulties. A conclusive genetic diagnosis was found in 18/32 patients.</p></div><div id="sec-4" class="subsection"><p id="p-4"><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> We found distinctive neuroradiologic patterns of CH. Genetic results raise the possibility of a correlation between cerebellar morphologic and functional developmental disruption, underscoring the importance of CH detection and reporting to orient the diagnostic path.</p></div></div><div class="section glossary" id="glossary-1"><h2 class="">ABBREVIATIONS:</h2><dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">ASD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>autism spectrum disorder<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">CC<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>corpus callosum<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-3">CH<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>cerebellar heterotopia<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-4">IVH<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>inferior vermian hypoplasia<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-5">WES<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>whole exome sequencing</dd></dl></div><div class="section fn-group" id="fn-group-1"><h2>Footnotes</h2><ul><li class="fn-equal" id="fn-1"><p id="p-65">Ludovica Pasca and Filippo Arrigoni contributed equally to this article.</p></li><li class="fn-financial-disclosure" id="fn-2"><p id="p-66"><a href="https://www.ajnr.org/sites/default/files/additional-assets/Disclosures/January%202025/0230.pdf">Disclosure forms</a> provided by the authors are available with the full text and PDF of this article at <a href="http://www.ajnr.org">www.ajnr.org</a>.</p></li></ul></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">© 2025 by American Journal of Neuroradiology</li></ul><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/early/2024/12/26/ajnr.A8450.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Neuroradiologic, Clinical, and Genetic Characterization of Cerebellar Heterotopia: A Pediatric Multicentric Study</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Ludovica</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pasca</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Filippo</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Arrigoni</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Romina</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Romaniello</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Maria Savina</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Severino</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Davide</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Politano</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Fulvio</span> <span class="nlm-surname">D’Abrusco</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Jessica</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Garau</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">Valentina</span> <span class="nlm-surname">De Giorgis</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">Adriana</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Carpani</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">Sabrina</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Signorini</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">Simona</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Orcesi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">Felice</span> <span class="nlm-surname">D’Arco</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">Enrico</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Alfei</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13"><span class="nlm-given-names">Elisa</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cattaneo</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="14"><span class="nlm-given-names">Elisa</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Rognone</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="15"><span class="nlm-given-names">Sara</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Uccella</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="16"><span class="nlm-given-names">Maria Teresa</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Divizia</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="17"><span class="nlm-given-names">Paolo</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Infantino</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="18"><span class="nlm-given-names">Enza Maria</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Valente</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="19"><span class="nlm-given-names">Renato</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Borgatti</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="20"><span class="nlm-given-names">Anna</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pichiecchio</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Dec 2024, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A8450 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Ludovica</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pasca</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Filippo</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Arrigoni</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Romina</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Romaniello</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Maria Savina</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Severino</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Davide</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Politano</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Fulvio</span> <span class="nlm-surname">D’Abrusco</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Jessica</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Garau</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">Valentina</span> <span class="nlm-surname">De Giorgis</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">Adriana</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Carpani</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">Sabrina</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Signorini</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">Simona</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Orcesi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">Felice</span> <span class="nlm-surname">D’Arco</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">Enrico</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Alfei</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13"><span class="nlm-given-names">Elisa</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cattaneo</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="14"><span class="nlm-given-names">Elisa</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Rognone</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="15"><span class="nlm-given-names">Sara</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Uccella</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="16"><span class="nlm-given-names">Maria Teresa</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Divizia</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="17"><span class="nlm-given-names">Paolo</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Infantino</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="18"><span class="nlm-given-names">Enza Maria</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Valente</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="19"><span class="nlm-given-names">Renato</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Borgatti</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="20"><span class="nlm-given-names">Anna</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pichiecchio</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Dec 2024, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A8450 </span></div>
  
  
  
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