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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Hyperintense Dentate Nuclei on T1-Weighted MRI: Relation to Repeat Gadolinium Administration" />
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<meta name="DC.Date" content="2015-09-10" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A hyperintense appearance of the dentate nucleus on T1-weighted MR images has been related to various clinical conditions, but the etiology remains indeterminate. We aimed to investigate the possible associations between a hyperintense appearance of the dentate nucleus on T1-weighted MR images in patients exposed to radiation and factors including, but not limited to, the cumulative number of contrast-enhanced MR images, amount of gadolinium administration, dosage of ionizing radiation, and patient demographics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 706 consecutive patients who were treated with brain irradiation at The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions between 1995 and 2010 were blindly reviewed by 2 readers.

RESULTS: One hundred eighty-four subjects were included for dentate nuclei analysis. Among the 184 subjects who cumulatively underwent 2677 MR imaging studies following intravenous gadolinium administration, 103 patients had hyperintense dentate nuclei on precontrast T1-weighted MR images. The average number of gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging studies performed in the group with normal dentate nuclei was significantly lower than that of the group with hyperintense dentate nuclei. The average follow-up time was 62.5 months. No significant difference was observed between hyperintense and normal dentate nuclei groups in terms of exposed radiation dose, serum creatinine and calcium/phosphate levels, patient demographics, history of chemotherapy, and strength of the scanner. No dentate nuclei abnormalities were found on the corresponding CT scans of patients with hyperintense dentate nuclei ( n = 44). No dentate nuclei abnormalities were found in 53 healthy volunteers.

CONCLUSIONS: Repeat performance of gadolinium-enhanced studies likely contributes to a long-standing hyperintense appearance of dentate nuclei on precontrast T1-weighted-MR images.

### Abbreviations

CEMRI
:   contrast-enhanced MRI
DN
:   dentate nucleus
HDN
:   hyperintense appearance of the dentate nucleus
NDN
:   normal dentate nucleus
MFS
:   magnetic field strength of the scanner
p 25
:   25th percentile
p75
:   75th percentile
RD
:   radiation dose
RT
:   radiation therapy" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M.E. Adin" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L. Kleinberg" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D. Vaidya" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Zan" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Mirbagheri" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D.M. Yousem" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2015-09-10" />
<meta name="article:section" content="ADULT BRAIN" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Hyperintense Dentate Nuclei on T1-Weighted MRI: Relation to Repeat Gadolinium Administration" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A hyperintense appearance of the dentate nucleus on T1-weighted MR images has been related to various clinical conditions, but the etiology remains indeterminate. We aimed to investigate the possible associations between a hyperintense appearance of the dentate nucleus on T1-weighted MR images in patients exposed to radiation and factors including, but not limited to, the cumulative number of contrast-enhanced MR images, amount of gadolinium administration, dosage of ionizing radiation, and patient demographics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The medical records of 706 consecutive patients who were treated with brain irradiation at The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions between 1995 and 2010 were blindly reviewed by 2 readers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One hundred eighty-four subjects were included for dentate nuclei analysis. Among the 184 subjects who cumulatively underwent 2677 MR imaging studies following intravenous gadolinium administration, 103 patients had hyperintense dentate nuclei on precontrast T1-weighted MR images. The average number of gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging studies performed in the group with normal dentate nuclei was significantly lower than that of the group with hyperintense dentate nuclei. The average follow-up time was 62.5 months. No significant difference was observed between hyperintense and normal dentate nuclei groups in terms of exposed radiation dose, serum creatinine and calcium/phosphate levels, patient demographics, history of chemotherapy, and strength of the scanner. No dentate nuclei abnormalities were found on the corresponding CT scans of patients with hyperintense dentate nuclei (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 44). No dentate nuclei abnormalities were found in 53 healthy volunteers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Repeat performance of gadolinium-enhanced studies likely contributes to a long-standing hyperintense appearance of dentate nuclei on precontrast T1-weighted-MR images.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="M.E. Adin" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Division of Neuroradiology (M.E.A., E.Z., S.M., D.M.Y.), The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences (L.K.); and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (D.V.), The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland." />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="D. Vaidya" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Division of Neuroradiology (M.E.A., E.Z., S.M., D.M.Y.), The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences (L.K.); and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (D.V.), The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="E. Zan" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Division of Neuroradiology (M.E.A., E.Z., S.M., D.M.Y.), The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences (L.K.); and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (D.V.), The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="S. Mirbagheri" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Division of Neuroradiology (M.E.A., E.Z., S.M., D.M.Y.), The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences (L.K.); and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (D.V.), The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland." />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Division of Neuroradiology (M.E.A., E.Z., S.M., D.M.Y.), The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences (L.K.); and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (D.V.), The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland." />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Hyperintense Dentate Nuclei on T1-Weighted MRI: Relation to Repeat Gadolinium Administration" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A hyperintense appearance of the dentate nucleus on T1-weighted MR images has been related to various clinical conditions, but the etiology remains indeterminate. We aimed to investigate the possible associations between a hyperintense appearance of the dentate nucleus on T1-weighted MR images in patients exposed to radiation and factors including, but not limited to, the cumulative number of contrast-enhanced MR images, amount of gadolinium administration, dosage of ionizing radiation, and patient demographics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 706 consecutive patients who were treated with brain irradiation at The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions between 1995 and 2010 were blindly reviewed by 2 readers.

RESULTS: One hundred eighty-four subjects were included for dentate nuclei analysis. Among the 184 subjects who cumulatively underwent 2677 MR imaging studies following intravenous gadolinium administration, 103 patients had hyperintense dentate nuclei on precontrast T1-weighted MR images. The average number of gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging studies performed in the group with normal dentate nuclei was significantly lower than that of the group with hyperintense dentate nuclei. The average follow-up time was 62.5 months. No significant difference was observed between hyperintense and normal dentate nuclei groups in terms of exposed radiation dose, serum creatinine and calcium/phosphate levels, patient demographics, history of chemotherapy, and strength of the scanner. No dentate nuclei abnormalities were found on the corresponding CT scans of patients with hyperintense dentate nuclei ( n = 44). No dentate nuclei abnormalities were found in 53 healthy volunteers.

CONCLUSIONS: Repeat performance of gadolinium-enhanced studies likely contributes to a long-standing hyperintense appearance of dentate nuclei on precontrast T1-weighted-MR images.

### Abbreviations

CEMRI
:   contrast-enhanced MRI
DN
:   dentate nucleus
HDN
:   hyperintense appearance of the dentate nucleus
NDN
:   normal dentate nucleus
MFS
:   magnetic field strength of the scanner
p 25
:   25th percentile
p75
:   75th percentile
RD
:   radiation dose
RT
:   radiation therapy" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Hyperintense Dentate Nuclei on T1-Weighted MRI: Relation to Repeat Gadolinium Administration" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/early/2015/09/10/ajnr.A4378" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A hyperintense appearance of the dentate nucleus on T1-weighted MR images has been related to various clinical conditions, but the etiology remains indeterminate. We aimed to investigate the possible associations between a hyperintense appearance of the dentate nucleus on T1-weighted MR images in patients exposed to radiation and factors including, but not limited to, the cumulative number of contrast-enhanced MR images, amount of gadolinium administration, dosage of ionizing radiation, and patient demographics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 706 consecutive patients who were treated with brain irradiation at The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions between 1995 and 2010 were blindly reviewed by 2 readers.

RESULTS: One hundred eighty-four subjects were included for dentate nuclei analysis. Among the 184 subjects who cumulatively underwent 2677 MR imaging studies following intravenous gadolinium administration, 103 patients had hyperintense dentate nuclei on precontrast T1-weighted MR images. The average number of gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging studies performed in the group with normal dentate nuclei was significantly lower than that of the group with hyperintense dentate nuclei. The average follow-up time was 62.5 months. No significant difference was observed between hyperintense and normal dentate nuclei groups in terms of exposed radiation dose, serum creatinine and calcium/phosphate levels, patient demographics, history of chemotherapy, and strength of the scanner. No dentate nuclei abnormalities were found on the corresponding CT scans of patients with hyperintense dentate nuclei ( n = 44). No dentate nuclei abnormalities were found in 53 healthy volunteers.

CONCLUSIONS: Repeat performance of gadolinium-enhanced studies likely contributes to a long-standing hyperintense appearance of dentate nuclei on precontrast T1-weighted-MR images.

### Abbreviations

CEMRI
:   contrast-enhanced MRI
DN
:   dentate nucleus
HDN
:   hyperintense appearance of the dentate nucleus
NDN
:   normal dentate nucleus
MFS
:   magnetic field strength of the scanner
p 25
:   25th percentile
p75
:   75th percentile
RD
:   radiation dose
RT
:   radiation therapy" />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Hyperintense Dentate Nuclei on T1-Weighted MRI: Relation to Repeat Gadolinium Administration</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">M.E. Adin</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">L. Kleinberg</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">D. Vaidya</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">E. Zan</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">S. Mirbagheri</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">D.M. Yousem</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">September 2015,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4378 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-51203--8288216991" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M.E. Adin </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Division of Neuroradiology (M.E.A., E.Z., S.M., D.M.Y.), The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences (L.K.); and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (D.V.), The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.E.%2BAdin%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Adin%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.E.%2BAdin%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L. Kleinberg </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Division of Neuroradiology (M.E.A., E.Z., S.M., D.M.Y.), The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences (L.K.); and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (D.V.), The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.%2BKleinberg%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kleinberg%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.%2BKleinberg%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D. Vaidya </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Division of Neuroradiology (M.E.A., E.Z., S.M., D.M.Y.), The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences (L.K.); and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (D.V.), The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.%2BVaidya%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Vaidya%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.%2BVaidya%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Zan </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Division of Neuroradiology (M.E.A., E.Z., S.M., D.M.Y.), The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences (L.K.); and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (D.V.), The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BZan%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Zan%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BZan%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Mirbagheri </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Division of Neuroradiology (M.E.A., E.Z., S.M., D.M.Y.), The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences (L.K.); and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (D.V.), The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BMirbagheri%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mirbagheri%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BMirbagheri%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3689-7273" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Mirbagheri</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D.M. Yousem </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Division of Neuroradiology (M.E.A., E.Z., S.M., D.M.Y.), The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences (L.K.); and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (D.V.), The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.M.%2BYousem%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Yousem%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.M.%2BYousem%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1222-6643" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D.M. 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="contributors"><ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1"><li class="contributor" id="contrib-1"><span class="name">M.E. Adin</span><a id="xref-aff-1-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-2"><span class="name">L. Kleinberg</span><a id="xref-aff-1-2" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-3"><span class="name">D. Vaidya</span><a id="xref-aff-1-3" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-4"><span class="name">E. Zan</span><a id="xref-aff-1-4" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-5"><span class="name">S. Mirbagheri</span><a id="xref-aff-1-5" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a> and </li><li class="last" id="contrib-6"><span class="name">D.M. Yousem</span><a id="xref-aff-1-6" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a></li></ol><ol class="affiliation-list"><li class="aff"><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1"></a><address>From the Division of Neuroradiology (M.E.A., E.Z., S.M., D.M.Y.), The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences (L.K.); and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (D.V.), The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.</address></li></ol><ol class="corresp-list"><li class="corresp" id="corresp-1">Please address correspondence to Mehmet Emin Adin, MD, <span class="addr-line">Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 600 N. Wolfe St. Phipps B100, Baltimore, MD 21287</span>; e-mail: <span class="em-link"><span class="em-addr">emin.adin{at}gmail.com</span></span></li></ol></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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