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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Performance Assessment for Brain MR Imaging Registration Methods" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A5122" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2017-03-09" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Clinical brain MR imaging registration algorithms are often made available by commercial vendors without figures of merit. The purpose of this study was to suggest a rational performance comparison methodology for these products.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients were imaged on clinical 3T scanners by using 4 sequences: T2-weighted, FLAIR, susceptibility-weighted angiography, and T1 postcontrast. Fiducial landmark sites ( n = 1175) were specified throughout these image volumes to define identical anatomic locations across sequences. Multiple registration algorithms were applied by using the T2 sequence as a fixed reference. Euclidean error was calculated before and after each registration and compared with a criterion standard landmark registration. The Euclidean effectiveness ratio is the fraction of Euclidean error remaining after registration, and the statistical effectiveness ratio is similar, but accounts for dispersion and noise.

RESULTS: Before registration, error values for FLAIR, susceptibility-weighted angiography, and T1 postcontrast were 2.07 ± 0.55 mm, 2.63 ± 0.62 mm, and 3.65 ± 2.00 mm, respectively. Postregistration, the best error values for FLAIR, susceptibility-weighted angiography, and T1 postcontrast were 1.55 ± 0.46 mm, 1.34 ± 0.23 mm, and 1.06 ± 0.16 mm, with Euclidean effectiveness ratio values of 0.493, 0.181, and 0.096 and statistical effectiveness ratio values of 0.573, 0.352, and 0.929 for rigid mutual information, affine mutual information, and a commercial GE registration, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate a method for comparing the performance of registration algorithms and suggest the Euclidean error, Euclidean effectiveness ratio, and statistical effectiveness ratio as performance metrics for clinical registration algorithms. These figures of merit allow registration algorithms to be rationally compared.

### Abbreviations

ANTs
:   advanced normalization tools
AOI
:   algorithm of interest
CC
:   cross-correlation
EER
:   Euclidean effectiveness ratio
LM
:   landmarks
MI
:   mutual information
SER
:   statistical effectiveness ratio
SWAN
:   susceptibility-weighted angiography
T1C
:   T1 postcontrast
TRE
:   target-to-registration error" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.S. Lin" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D.T. Fuentes" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Chandler" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.S. Prabhu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.S. Weinberg" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="V. Baladandayuthapani" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.D. Hazle" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D. Schellingerhout" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2017-03-09" />
<meta name="article:section" content="ADULT BRAIN" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Performance Assessment for Brain MR Imaging Registration Methods" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Clinical brain MR imaging registration algorithms are often made available by commercial vendors without figures of merit. The purpose of this study was to suggest a rational performance comparison methodology for these products.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Twenty patients were imaged on clinical 3T scanners by using 4 sequences: T2-weighted, FLAIR, susceptibility-weighted angiography, and T1 postcontrast. Fiducial landmark sites (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 1175) were specified throughout these image volumes to define identical anatomic locations across sequences. Multiple registration algorithms were applied by using the T2 sequence as a fixed reference. Euclidean error was calculated before and after each registration and compared with a criterion standard landmark registration. The Euclidean effectiveness ratio is the fraction of Euclidean error remaining after registration, and the statistical effectiveness ratio is similar, but accounts for dispersion and noise.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Before registration, error values for FLAIR, susceptibility-weighted angiography, and T1 postcontrast were 2.07 ± 0.55 mm, 2.63 ± 0.62 mm, and 3.65 ± 2.00 mm, respectively. Postregistration, the best error values for FLAIR, susceptibility-weighted angiography, and T1 postcontrast were 1.55 ± 0.46 mm, 1.34 ± 0.23 mm, and 1.06 ± 0.16 mm, with Euclidean effectiveness ratio values of 0.493, 0.181, and 0.096 and statistical effectiveness ratio values of 0.573, 0.352, and 0.929 for rigid mutual information, affine mutual information, and a commercial GE registration, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We demonstrate a method for comparing the performance of registration algorithms and suggest the Euclidean error, Euclidean effectiveness ratio, and statistical effectiveness ratio as performance metrics for clinical registration algorithms. These figures of merit allow registration algorithms to be rationally compared.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="J.S. Lin" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin." />
<meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0146-4232" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="D.T. Fuentes" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin." />
<meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-6962" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="A. Chandler" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin." />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="J.S. Weinberg" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin." />
<meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5587-6673" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="V. Baladandayuthapani" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin." />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="J.D. Hazle" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin." />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="D. Schellingerhout" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin." />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Performance Assessment for Brain MR Imaging Registration Methods" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Clinical brain MR imaging registration algorithms are often made available by commercial vendors without figures of merit. The purpose of this study was to suggest a rational performance comparison methodology for these products.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients were imaged on clinical 3T scanners by using 4 sequences: T2-weighted, FLAIR, susceptibility-weighted angiography, and T1 postcontrast. Fiducial landmark sites ( n = 1175) were specified throughout these image volumes to define identical anatomic locations across sequences. Multiple registration algorithms were applied by using the T2 sequence as a fixed reference. Euclidean error was calculated before and after each registration and compared with a criterion standard landmark registration. The Euclidean effectiveness ratio is the fraction of Euclidean error remaining after registration, and the statistical effectiveness ratio is similar, but accounts for dispersion and noise.

RESULTS: Before registration, error values for FLAIR, susceptibility-weighted angiography, and T1 postcontrast were 2.07 ± 0.55 mm, 2.63 ± 0.62 mm, and 3.65 ± 2.00 mm, respectively. Postregistration, the best error values for FLAIR, susceptibility-weighted angiography, and T1 postcontrast were 1.55 ± 0.46 mm, 1.34 ± 0.23 mm, and 1.06 ± 0.16 mm, with Euclidean effectiveness ratio values of 0.493, 0.181, and 0.096 and statistical effectiveness ratio values of 0.573, 0.352, and 0.929 for rigid mutual information, affine mutual information, and a commercial GE registration, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate a method for comparing the performance of registration algorithms and suggest the Euclidean error, Euclidean effectiveness ratio, and statistical effectiveness ratio as performance metrics for clinical registration algorithms. These figures of merit allow registration algorithms to be rationally compared.

### Abbreviations

ANTs
:   advanced normalization tools
AOI
:   algorithm of interest
CC
:   cross-correlation
EER
:   Euclidean effectiveness ratio
LM
:   landmarks
MI
:   mutual information
SER
:   statistical effectiveness ratio
SWAN
:   susceptibility-weighted angiography
T1C
:   T1 postcontrast
TRE
:   target-to-registration error" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Performance Assessment for Brain MR Imaging Registration Methods" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/early/2017/03/09/ajnr.A5122" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Clinical brain MR imaging registration algorithms are often made available by commercial vendors without figures of merit. The purpose of this study was to suggest a rational performance comparison methodology for these products.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients were imaged on clinical 3T scanners by using 4 sequences: T2-weighted, FLAIR, susceptibility-weighted angiography, and T1 postcontrast. Fiducial landmark sites ( n = 1175) were specified throughout these image volumes to define identical anatomic locations across sequences. Multiple registration algorithms were applied by using the T2 sequence as a fixed reference. Euclidean error was calculated before and after each registration and compared with a criterion standard landmark registration. The Euclidean effectiveness ratio is the fraction of Euclidean error remaining after registration, and the statistical effectiveness ratio is similar, but accounts for dispersion and noise.

RESULTS: Before registration, error values for FLAIR, susceptibility-weighted angiography, and T1 postcontrast were 2.07 ± 0.55 mm, 2.63 ± 0.62 mm, and 3.65 ± 2.00 mm, respectively. Postregistration, the best error values for FLAIR, susceptibility-weighted angiography, and T1 postcontrast were 1.55 ± 0.46 mm, 1.34 ± 0.23 mm, and 1.06 ± 0.16 mm, with Euclidean effectiveness ratio values of 0.493, 0.181, and 0.096 and statistical effectiveness ratio values of 0.573, 0.352, and 0.929 for rigid mutual information, affine mutual information, and a commercial GE registration, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate a method for comparing the performance of registration algorithms and suggest the Euclidean error, Euclidean effectiveness ratio, and statistical effectiveness ratio as performance metrics for clinical registration algorithms. These figures of merit allow registration algorithms to be rationally compared.

### Abbreviations

ANTs
:   advanced normalization tools
AOI
:   algorithm of interest
CC
:   cross-correlation
EER
:   Euclidean effectiveness ratio
LM
:   landmarks
MI
:   mutual information
SER
:   statistical effectiveness ratio
SWAN
:   susceptibility-weighted angiography
T1C
:   T1 postcontrast
TRE
:   target-to-registration error" />
<meta name="og-type" property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta name="og-image" property="og:image" content="" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node51792--5" data-node-nid="51792" id="top-node-51792--6717614770" data-pisa="ajnr;ajnr.A5122v1" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A5122" data-apath="/ajnr/early/2017/03/09/ajnr.A5122.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">ADULT BRAIN</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Performance Assessment for Brain MR Imaging Registration Methods</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">J.S. Lin</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">D.T. Fuentes</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">A. Chandler</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">S.S. Prabhu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">J.S. Weinberg</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">V. Baladandayuthapani</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">J.D. Hazle</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">D. Schellingerhout</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">March 2017,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5122 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-51792--6717614770" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J.S. Lin </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.S.%2BLin%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lin%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.S.%2BLin%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0146-4232" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J.S. Lin</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D.T. Fuentes </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.T.%2BFuentes%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Fuentes%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.T.%2BFuentes%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-6962" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D.T. Fuentes</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. Chandler </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.%2BChandler%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Chandler%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.%2BChandler%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0322-2410" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A. Chandler</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.S. Prabhu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.S.%2BPrabhu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Prabhu%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.S.%2BPrabhu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8155-0623" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.S. Prabhu</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J.S. Weinberg </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.S.%2BWeinberg%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Weinberg%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.S.%2BWeinberg%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5587-6673" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J.S. Weinberg</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">V. Baladandayuthapani </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=V.%2BBaladandayuthapani%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Baladandayuthapani%20V&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AV.%2BBaladandayuthapani%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9107-3157" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for V. 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Hazle </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.D.%2BHazle%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hazle%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.D.%2BHazle%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4695-5825" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J.D. 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Schellingerhout </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Bioengineering (J.S.L.), Rice University, Houston, Texas; Departments of Imaging Physics (J.S.L., D.T.F., A.C., J.D.H.), Neurosurgery (S.S.P., J.S.W.), Biostatistics (V.B.), Diagnostic Radiology (D.S.), and Cancer Systems Imaging (D.S.), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Molecular Imaging and Computed Tomography Research (A.C.), GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.%2BSchellingerhout%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Schellingerhout%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.%2BSchellingerhout%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3659-435X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D. 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