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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Quantitative Folding Pattern Analysis of Early Primary Sulci in Human Fetuses with Brain Abnormalities" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A5217" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2017-05-18" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2017 American Society of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Aberrant gyral folding is a key feature in the diagnosis of many cerebral malformations. However, in fetal life, it is particularly challenging to confidently diagnose aberrant folding because of the rapid spatiotemporal changes of gyral development. Currently, there is no resource to measure how an individual fetal brain compares with normal spatiotemporal variations. In this study, we assessed the potential for automatic analysis of early sulcal patterns to detect individual fetal brains with cerebral abnormalities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Triplane MR images were aligned to create a motion-corrected volume for each individual fetal brain, and cortical plate surfaces were extracted. Sulcal basins were automatically identified on the cortical plate surface and compared with a combined set generated from 9 normal fetal brain templates. Sulcal pattern similarities to the templates were quantified by using multivariate geometric features and intersulcal relationships for 14 normal fetal brains and 5 fetal brains that were proved to be abnormal on postnatal MR imaging. Results were compared with the gyrification index.

RESULTS: Significantly reduced sulcal pattern similarities to normal templates were found in all abnormal individual fetuses compared with normal fetuses (mean similarity [normal, abnormal], left: 0.818, 0.752; P &lt; .001; right: 0.810, 0.753; P &lt; .01). Altered location and depth patterns of sulcal basins were the primary distinguishing features. The gyrification index was not significantly different between the normal and abnormal groups.

CONCLUSIONS: Automated analysis of interrelated patterning of early primary sulci could outperform the traditional gyrification index and has the potential to quantitatively detect individual fetuses with emerging abnormal sulcal patterns.

### Abbreviations

GI
:   gyrification index
GW
:   gestational weeks" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K. Im" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Guimaraes" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Y. Kim" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Cottrill" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B. Gagoski" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C. Rollins" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C. Ortinau" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Yang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P.E. Grant" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2017-05-18" />
<meta name="article:section" content="PEDIATRICS" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Quantitative Folding Pattern Analysis of Early Primary Sulci in Human Fetuses with Brain Abnormalities" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aberrant gyral folding is a key feature in the diagnosis of many cerebral malformations. However, in fetal life, it is particularly challenging to confidently diagnose aberrant folding because of the rapid spatiotemporal changes of gyral development. Currently, there is no resource to measure how an individual fetal brain compares with normal spatiotemporal variations. In this study, we assessed the potential for automatic analysis of early sulcal patterns to detect individual fetal brains with cerebral abnormalities.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Triplane MR images were aligned to create a motion-corrected volume for each individual fetal brain, and cortical plate surfaces were extracted. Sulcal basins were automatically identified on the cortical plate surface and compared with a combined set generated from 9 normal fetal brain templates. Sulcal pattern similarities to the templates were quantified by using multivariate geometric features and intersulcal relationships for 14 normal fetal brains and 5 fetal brains that were proved to be abnormal on postnatal MR imaging. Results were compared with the gyrification index.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Significantly reduced sulcal pattern similarities to normal templates were found in all abnormal individual fetuses compared with normal fetuses (mean similarity [normal, abnormal], left: 0.818, 0.752; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001; right: 0.810, 0.753; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .01). Altered location and depth patterns of sulcal basins were the primary distinguishing features. The gyrification index was not significantly different between the normal and abnormal groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Automated analysis of interrelated patterning of early primary sulci could outperform the traditional gyrification index and has the potential to quantitatively detect individual fetuses with emerging abnormal sulcal patterns.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="K. Im" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil." />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil." />
<meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4300-1356" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Y. Kim" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil." />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="E. Cottrill" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil." />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="B. Gagoski" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil." />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil." />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil." />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="P.E. Grant" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil." />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Quantitative Folding Pattern Analysis of Early Primary Sulci in Human Fetuses with Brain Abnormalities" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Aberrant gyral folding is a key feature in the diagnosis of many cerebral malformations. However, in fetal life, it is particularly challenging to confidently diagnose aberrant folding because of the rapid spatiotemporal changes of gyral development. Currently, there is no resource to measure how an individual fetal brain compares with normal spatiotemporal variations. In this study, we assessed the potential for automatic analysis of early sulcal patterns to detect individual fetal brains with cerebral abnormalities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Triplane MR images were aligned to create a motion-corrected volume for each individual fetal brain, and cortical plate surfaces were extracted. Sulcal basins were automatically identified on the cortical plate surface and compared with a combined set generated from 9 normal fetal brain templates. Sulcal pattern similarities to the templates were quantified by using multivariate geometric features and intersulcal relationships for 14 normal fetal brains and 5 fetal brains that were proved to be abnormal on postnatal MR imaging. Results were compared with the gyrification index.

RESULTS: Significantly reduced sulcal pattern similarities to normal templates were found in all abnormal individual fetuses compared with normal fetuses (mean similarity [normal, abnormal], left: 0.818, 0.752; P &lt; .001; right: 0.810, 0.753; P &lt; .01). Altered location and depth patterns of sulcal basins were the primary distinguishing features. The gyrification index was not significantly different between the normal and abnormal groups.

CONCLUSIONS: Automated analysis of interrelated patterning of early primary sulci could outperform the traditional gyrification index and has the potential to quantitatively detect individual fetuses with emerging abnormal sulcal patterns.

### Abbreviations

GI
:   gyrification index
GW
:   gestational weeks" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Quantitative Folding Pattern Analysis of Early Primary Sulci in Human Fetuses with Brain Abnormalities" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/early/2017/05/18/ajnr.A5217" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Aberrant gyral folding is a key feature in the diagnosis of many cerebral malformations. However, in fetal life, it is particularly challenging to confidently diagnose aberrant folding because of the rapid spatiotemporal changes of gyral development. Currently, there is no resource to measure how an individual fetal brain compares with normal spatiotemporal variations. In this study, we assessed the potential for automatic analysis of early sulcal patterns to detect individual fetal brains with cerebral abnormalities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Triplane MR images were aligned to create a motion-corrected volume for each individual fetal brain, and cortical plate surfaces were extracted. Sulcal basins were automatically identified on the cortical plate surface and compared with a combined set generated from 9 normal fetal brain templates. Sulcal pattern similarities to the templates were quantified by using multivariate geometric features and intersulcal relationships for 14 normal fetal brains and 5 fetal brains that were proved to be abnormal on postnatal MR imaging. Results were compared with the gyrification index.

RESULTS: Significantly reduced sulcal pattern similarities to normal templates were found in all abnormal individual fetuses compared with normal fetuses (mean similarity [normal, abnormal], left: 0.818, 0.752; P &lt; .001; right: 0.810, 0.753; P &lt; .01). Altered location and depth patterns of sulcal basins were the primary distinguishing features. The gyrification index was not significantly different between the normal and abnormal groups.

CONCLUSIONS: Automated analysis of interrelated patterning of early primary sulci could outperform the traditional gyrification index and has the potential to quantitatively detect individual fetuses with emerging abnormal sulcal patterns.

### Abbreviations

GI
:   gyrification index
GW
:   gestational weeks" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node54663--7" data-node-nid="54663" id="top-node-54663--8711939009" data-pisa="ajnr;ajnr.A5217v1" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A5217" data-apath="/ajnr/early/2017/05/18/ajnr.A5217.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">PEDIATRICS</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Quantitative Folding Pattern Analysis of Early Primary Sulci in Human Fetuses with Brain Abnormalities</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">K. Im</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">A. Guimaraes</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Y. Kim</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">E. Cottrill</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">B. Gagoski</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">C. Rollins</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">C. Ortinau</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">E. Yang</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">P.E. Grant</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">May 2017,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5217 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-54663--8711939009" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K. Im </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.%2BIm%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Im%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.%2BIm%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-8970" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for K. Im</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. Guimaraes </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.%2BGuimaraes%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Guimaraes%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.%2BGuimaraes%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4300-1356" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A. Guimaraes</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Y. Kim </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Y.%2BKim%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kim%20Y&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AY.%2BKim%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6033-9116" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Y. Kim</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Cottrill </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BCottrill%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cottrill%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BCottrill%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5991-7962" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E. Cottrill</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">B. Gagoski </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=B.%2BGagoski%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gagoski%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AB.%2BGagoski%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-2621" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for B. Gagoski</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C. Rollins </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.%2BRollins%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Rollins%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.%2BRollins%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0500-0056" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C. Rollins</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C. Ortinau </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.%2BOrtinau%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ortinau%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.%2BOrtinau%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0851-0796" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C. Ortinau</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Yang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BYang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Yang%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BYang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9912-4163" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E. Yang</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">P.E. Grant </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (K.I., A.G., Y.K., E.C., B.G., P.E.G.), Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I., P.E.G.) and the Departments of Neurology (C.R.) and Radiology (B.G., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School (K.I., B.G., C.R., C.O., E.Y., P.E.G.), Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Newborn Medicine (C.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Faculdade de Medicina da USP (A.G.), Sao Paulo, Brazil.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=P.E.%2BGrant%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Grant%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AP.E.%2BGrant%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1005-4013" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for P.E. 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