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<meta name="HW.identifier" content="/ajnr/early/2018/12/27/ajnr.A5917.atom" />
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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Infarct Volume Predicts Hospitalization Costs in Anterior Circulation Large-Vessel Occlusion Stroke" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A5917" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2018-12-27" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke, one of the most devastating stroke subtypes, is associated with substantial economic burden. We aimed to identify predictors of increased acute care hospitalization costs associated with anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Comprehensive cost-tracking software was used to calculate acute care hospitalization costs for patients with anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke admitted July 2012 to October 2014. Patient demographics and stroke characteristics were analyzed, including final infarct volume on follow-up neuroimaging. Predictors of hospitalization costs were determined using multivariable linear regression including subgroup cost analyses by treatment technique (endovascular, IV tPA-only, and no reperfusion therapy) and sensitivity analyses incorporating patients initially excluded due to early withdrawal of care.

RESULTS: Three hundred forty-one patients (median age, 69 years; interquartile range, 57–80 years; median NIHSS score, 16; interquartile range, 13–21) were included in our primary analysis. Final infarct volume, parenchymal hematoma, baseline NIHSS score, ipsilateral carotid stenosis, age, and obstructive sleep apnea were significant predictors of acute care hospitalization costs. Final infarct volume alone accounted for 20.87% of the total cost variance. Additionally, final infarct volume was consistently the strongest predictor of increased cost in primary, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses.

CONCLUSIONS: Final infarct volume was the strongest predictor of increased hospitalization costs in anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke. Acute stroke therapies that reduce final infarct volume may not only improve clinical outcomes but may also prove cost-effective.

ACLVO
:   anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion
EWOC
:   early withdrawal of care
FIV
:   final infarct volume
IQR
:   interquartile range
mTICI
:   modified TICI score
PH1
:   parenchymal hematoma type 1
PH2
:   parenchymal hematoma type 2" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C.D. Streib" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Rangaraju" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D.T. Campbell" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D.G. Winger" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.L. Paolini" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.J. Zhang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B.T. Jankowitz" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.P. Jadhav" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="T.G. Jovin" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2018-12-27" />
<meta name="article:section" content="ADULT BRAIN" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Infarct Volume Predicts Hospitalization Costs in Anterior Circulation Large-Vessel Occlusion Stroke" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke, one of the most devastating stroke subtypes, is associated with substantial economic burden. We aimed to identify predictors of increased acute care hospitalization costs associated with anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Comprehensive cost-tracking software was used to calculate acute care hospitalization costs for patients with anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke admitted July 2012 to October 2014. Patient demographics and stroke characteristics were analyzed, including final infarct volume on follow-up neuroimaging. Predictors of hospitalization costs were determined using multivariable linear regression including subgroup cost analyses by treatment technique (endovascular, IV tPA-only, and no reperfusion therapy) and sensitivity analyses incorporating patients initially excluded due to early withdrawal of care.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Three hundred forty-one patients (median age, 69 years; interquartile range, 57–80 years; median NIHSS score, 16; interquartile range, 13–21) were included in our primary analysis. Final infarct volume, parenchymal hematoma, baseline NIHSS score, ipsilateral carotid stenosis, age, and obstructive sleep apnea were significant predictors of acute care hospitalization costs. Final infarct volume alone accounted for 20.87% of the total cost variance. Additionally, final infarct volume was consistently the strongest predictor of increased cost in primary, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Final infarct volume was the strongest predictor of increased hospitalization costs in anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke. Acute stroke therapies that reduce final infarct volume may not only improve clinical outcomes but may also prove cost-effective.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Infarct Volume Predicts Hospitalization Costs in Anterior Circulation Large-Vessel Occlusion Stroke" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke, one of the most devastating stroke subtypes, is associated with substantial economic burden. We aimed to identify predictors of increased acute care hospitalization costs associated with anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Comprehensive cost-tracking software was used to calculate acute care hospitalization costs for patients with anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke admitted July 2012 to October 2014. Patient demographics and stroke characteristics were analyzed, including final infarct volume on follow-up neuroimaging. Predictors of hospitalization costs were determined using multivariable linear regression including subgroup cost analyses by treatment technique (endovascular, IV tPA-only, and no reperfusion therapy) and sensitivity analyses incorporating patients initially excluded due to early withdrawal of care.

RESULTS: Three hundred forty-one patients (median age, 69 years; interquartile range, 57–80 years; median NIHSS score, 16; interquartile range, 13–21) were included in our primary analysis. Final infarct volume, parenchymal hematoma, baseline NIHSS score, ipsilateral carotid stenosis, age, and obstructive sleep apnea were significant predictors of acute care hospitalization costs. Final infarct volume alone accounted for 20.87% of the total cost variance. Additionally, final infarct volume was consistently the strongest predictor of increased cost in primary, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses.

CONCLUSIONS: Final infarct volume was the strongest predictor of increased hospitalization costs in anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke. Acute stroke therapies that reduce final infarct volume may not only improve clinical outcomes but may also prove cost-effective.

ACLVO
:   anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion
EWOC
:   early withdrawal of care
FIV
:   final infarct volume
IQR
:   interquartile range
mTICI
:   modified TICI score
PH1
:   parenchymal hematoma type 1
PH2
:   parenchymal hematoma type 2" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Infarct Volume Predicts Hospitalization Costs in Anterior Circulation Large-Vessel Occlusion Stroke" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/early/2018/12/27/ajnr.A5917" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke, one of the most devastating stroke subtypes, is associated with substantial economic burden. We aimed to identify predictors of increased acute care hospitalization costs associated with anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Comprehensive cost-tracking software was used to calculate acute care hospitalization costs for patients with anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke admitted July 2012 to October 2014. Patient demographics and stroke characteristics were analyzed, including final infarct volume on follow-up neuroimaging. Predictors of hospitalization costs were determined using multivariable linear regression including subgroup cost analyses by treatment technique (endovascular, IV tPA-only, and no reperfusion therapy) and sensitivity analyses incorporating patients initially excluded due to early withdrawal of care.

RESULTS: Three hundred forty-one patients (median age, 69 years; interquartile range, 57–80 years; median NIHSS score, 16; interquartile range, 13–21) were included in our primary analysis. Final infarct volume, parenchymal hematoma, baseline NIHSS score, ipsilateral carotid stenosis, age, and obstructive sleep apnea were significant predictors of acute care hospitalization costs. Final infarct volume alone accounted for 20.87% of the total cost variance. Additionally, final infarct volume was consistently the strongest predictor of increased cost in primary, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses.

CONCLUSIONS: Final infarct volume was the strongest predictor of increased hospitalization costs in anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion stroke. Acute stroke therapies that reduce final infarct volume may not only improve clinical outcomes but may also prove cost-effective.

ACLVO
:   anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion
EWOC
:   early withdrawal of care
FIV
:   final infarct volume
IQR
:   interquartile range
mTICI
:   modified TICI score
PH1
:   parenchymal hematoma type 1
PH2
:   parenchymal hematoma type 2" />
<meta name="og-type" property="og:type" content="article" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node65069--5" data-node-nid="65069" id="top-node-65069--6371771193" data-pisa="ajnr;ajnr.A5917v1" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A5917" data-apath="/ajnr/early/2018/12/27/ajnr.A5917.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Infarct Volume Predicts Hospitalization Costs in Anterior Circulation Large-Vessel Occlusion Stroke</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">C.D. Streib</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">S. Rangaraju</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">D.T. Campbell</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">D.G. Winger</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">S.L. Paolini</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">A.J. Zhang</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">B.T. Jankowitz</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">A.P. Jadhav</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">T.G. Jovin</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">December 2018,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5917 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-65069--6371771193" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C.D. Streib </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (C.D.S., A.J.Z.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Neurology, Stroke Institute (C.D.S., S.L.P., B.T.J., A.P.J., T.G.J., S.R., D.T.C.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.D.%2BStreib%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Streib%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.D.%2BStreib%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1119-757X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C.D. Streib</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Rangaraju </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Neurology, Stroke Institute (C.D.S., S.L.P., B.T.J., A.P.J., T.G.J., S.R., D.T.C.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Neurology (S.R.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BRangaraju%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Rangaraju%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BRangaraju%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2765-1500" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Rangaraju</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D.T. Campbell </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Neurology, Stroke Institute (C.D.S., S.L.P., B.T.J., A.P.J., T.G.J., S.R., D.T.C.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Department of Neurology (D.T.C.), WellStar Kennestone Hospital, Marietta, Georgia</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.T.%2BCampbell%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Campbell%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.T.%2BCampbell%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5129-0007" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D.T. Campbell</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D.G. Winger </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Clinical Translational Science Institute (D.G.W.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.G.%2BWinger%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Winger%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.G.%2BWinger%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5310-6229" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D.G. Winger</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.L. Paolini </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Neurology, Stroke Institute (C.D.S., S.L.P., B.T.J., A.P.J., T.G.J., S.R., D.T.C.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.L.%2BPaolini%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Paolini%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.L.%2BPaolini%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6033-1491" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.L. Paolini</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.J. Zhang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (C.D.S., A.J.Z.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.J.%2BZhang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Zhang%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.J.%2BZhang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7801-8310" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A.J. Zhang</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">B.T. Jankowitz </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Neurology, Stroke Institute (C.D.S., S.L.P., B.T.J., A.P.J., T.G.J., S.R., D.T.C.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=B.T.%2BJankowitz%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Jankowitz%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AB.T.%2BJankowitz%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5371-5363" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for B.T. Jankowitz</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.P. Jadhav </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Neurology, Stroke Institute (C.D.S., S.L.P., B.T.J., A.P.J., T.G.J., S.R., D.T.C.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.P.%2BJadhav%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Jadhav%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.P.%2BJadhav%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9454-0678" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A.P. Jadhav</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">T.G. Jovin </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Neurology, Stroke Institute (C.D.S., S.L.P., B.T.J., A.P.J., T.G.J., S.R., D.T.C.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=T.G.%2BJovin%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Jovin%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AT.G.%2BJovin%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2619-6975" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for T.G. Jovin</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2 class="">References</h2><ol class="cit-list ref-use-labels"><li><span class="ref-label">1.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1. in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-ajnr.A5917v1.1" data-doi="10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820a55f5"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
</li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Heidenreich</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">PA</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Trogdon</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">JG</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Khavjou</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">OA</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>; <span class="cit-auth cit-collab">American Heart Association Advocacy Coordinating Committee, Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research</span>. <span class="cit-article-title">Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Circulation</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2011</span>;<span class="cit-vol">123</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">933</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">44</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820a55f5</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>21262990</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MTQ6ImNpcmN1bGF0aW9uYWhhIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjk6IjEyMy84LzkzMyI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjM4OiIvYWpuci9lYXJseS8yMDE4LzEyLzI3L2FqbnIuQTU5MTcuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">2.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-2-1" title="View reference 2. in text" id="ref-2">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-ajnr.A5917v1.2" data-doi="10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.561787"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
</li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Smith</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">WS</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Lev</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">MH</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">English</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">JD</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Significance of large vessel intracranial occlusion causing acute ischemic stroke and TIA</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Stroke</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2009</span>;<span class="cit-vol">40</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">3834</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">40</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.561787</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>19834014</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6OToic3Ryb2tlYWhhIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEwOiI0MC8xMi8zODM0IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6Mzg6Ii9ham5yL2Vhcmx5LzIwMTgvMTIvMjcvYWpuci5BNTkxNy5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">3.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-3-1" title="View reference 3. in text" id="ref-3">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-ajnr.A5917v1.3" data-doi="10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011632"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
</li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Rai</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">AT</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Evans</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">K</span></span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"><span class="cit-name-surname">Riggs</span>  <span class="cit-name-given-names">JE</span></span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span></li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Intravenous thrombolysis of large vessel occlusions is associated with higher hospital costs than small vessel strokes: a rationale for developing stroke severity-based financial models</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Neurointerv Surg</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">8</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">423</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">28</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-doi-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-doi"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-doi">doi:</span>10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011632</span><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>25665984</span></cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MTE6Im5ldXJpbnRzdXJnIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjc6IjgvNC80MjMiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czozODoiL2FqbnIvZWFybHkvMjAxOC8xMi8yNy9ham5yLkE1OTE3LmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><span class="ref-label">4.</span><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-4-1" title="View reference 4. in text" id="ref-4">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-ajnr.A5917v1.4" data-doi="10.1056/NEJMoa1706442"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li>
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Dec 2018, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A5917 </span></div>
  
  
  
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