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<meta name="citation_funding_source" content="citation_grant_number=R35NS111644, SLH; RO1NS26799, SLH; K23 NS048869, B;" />
<meta name="type" content="article" />
<meta name="category" content="research-article" />
<meta name="HW.identifier" content="/ajnr/early/2020/11/12/ajnr.A6862.atom" />
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<meta name="DC.Language" content="en" />
<meta name="DC.Title" content="Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging for Assessing Acute Inflammation and Lesion Evolution in MS" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A6862" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2020-11-12" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2020 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging is essential for MS diagnosis and management, yet it has limitations in assessing axonal damage and remyelination. Gadolinium-based contrast agents add value by pinpointing acute inflammation and blood-brain barrier leakage, but with drawbacks in safety and cost. Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) assesses microstructural features of neurites contributing to diffusion imaging signals. This approach may resolve the components of MS pathology, overcoming conventional MR imaging limitations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one subjects with MS underwent serial enhanced MRIs (12.6 ± 9 months apart) including NODDI, whose key metrics are the neurite density and orientation dispersion index. Twenty-one age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent unenhanced MR imaging with the same protocol. Fifty-eight gadolinium-enhancing and non-gadolinium-enhancing lesions were semiautomatically segmented at baseline and follow-up. Normal-appearing WM masks were generated by subtracting lesions and dirty-appearing WM from the whole WM.

RESULTS: The orientation dispersion index was higher in gadolinium-enhancing compared with non-gadolinium-enhancing lesions; logistic regression indicated discrimination, with an area under the curve of 0.73. At follow-up, in the 58 previously enhancing lesions, we identified 2 subgroups based on the neurite density index change across time: Type 1 lesions showed increased neurite density values, whereas type 2 lesions showed decreased values. Type 1 lesions showed greater reduction in size with time compared with type 2 lesions.

CONCLUSIONS: NODDI is a promising tool with the potential to detect acute MS inflammation. The observed heterogeneity among lesions may correspond to gradients in severity and clinical recovery after the acute phase.

AD
:   axial diffusivity
DAWM
:   dirty-appearing white matter
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
FU
:   follow-up
GEL
:   gadolinium-enhancing lesion
HC
:   healthy control
MD
:   mean diffusivity
NAWM
:   normal-appearing white matter
NDI
:   neurite density index
NGEL
:   non-gadolinium-enhancing lesion
NODDI
:   neurite orientation dispersion and density Imaging
nODI
:   normalized orientation dispersion index
ODI
:   orientation dispersion index
RD
:   radial diffusivity
VEC
:   extra-neurite compartment" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Sacco" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Caverzasi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="N. Papinutto" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C. Cordano" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Bischof" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="T. Gundel" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Cheng" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C. Asteggiano" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G. Kirkish" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Mallot" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="W.A. Stern" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Bastianello" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R.M. Bove" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.M. Gelfand" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D.S. Goodin" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.J. Green" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Waubant" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M.R. Wilson" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.S. Zamvil" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B.A. Cree" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.L. Hauser" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R.G. Henry," />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="University of California, San Francisco MS-EPIC Team" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2020-11-12" />
<meta name="article:section" content="ADULT BRAIN" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging for Assessing Acute Inflammation and Lesion Evolution in MS" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;MR imaging is essential for MS diagnosis and management, yet it has limitations in assessing axonal damage and remyelination. Gadolinium-based contrast agents add value by pinpointing acute inflammation and blood-brain barrier leakage, but with drawbacks in safety and cost. Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) assesses microstructural features of neurites contributing to diffusion imaging signals. This approach may resolve the components of MS pathology, overcoming conventional MR imaging limitations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Twenty-one subjects with MS underwent serial enhanced MRIs (12.6 ± 9 months apart) including NODDI, whose key metrics are the neurite density and orientation dispersion index. Twenty-one age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent unenhanced MR imaging with the same protocol. Fifty-eight gadolinium-enhancing and non-gadolinium-enhancing lesions were semiautomatically segmented at baseline and follow-up. Normal-appearing WM masks were generated by subtracting lesions and dirty-appearing WM from the whole WM.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The orientation dispersion index was higher in gadolinium-enhancing compared with non-gadolinium-enhancing lesions; logistic regression indicated discrimination, with an area under the curve of 0.73. At follow-up, in the 58 previously enhancing lesions, we identified 2 subgroups based on the neurite density index change across time: Type 1 lesions showed increased neurite density values, whereas type 2 lesions showed decreased values. Type 1 lesions showed greater reduction in size with time compared with type 2 lesions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NODDI is a promising tool with the potential to detect acute MS inflammation. The observed heterogeneity among lesions may correspond to gradients in severity and clinical recovery after the acute phase.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging for Assessing Acute Inflammation and Lesion Evolution in MS" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging is essential for MS diagnosis and management, yet it has limitations in assessing axonal damage and remyelination. Gadolinium-based contrast agents add value by pinpointing acute inflammation and blood-brain barrier leakage, but with drawbacks in safety and cost. Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) assesses microstructural features of neurites contributing to diffusion imaging signals. This approach may resolve the components of MS pathology, overcoming conventional MR imaging limitations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one subjects with MS underwent serial enhanced MRIs (12.6 ± 9 months apart) including NODDI, whose key metrics are the neurite density and orientation dispersion index. Twenty-one age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent unenhanced MR imaging with the same protocol. Fifty-eight gadolinium-enhancing and non-gadolinium-enhancing lesions were semiautomatically segmented at baseline and follow-up. Normal-appearing WM masks were generated by subtracting lesions and dirty-appearing WM from the whole WM.

RESULTS: The orientation dispersion index was higher in gadolinium-enhancing compared with non-gadolinium-enhancing lesions; logistic regression indicated discrimination, with an area under the curve of 0.73. At follow-up, in the 58 previously enhancing lesions, we identified 2 subgroups based on the neurite density index change across time: Type 1 lesions showed increased neurite density values, whereas type 2 lesions showed decreased values. Type 1 lesions showed greater reduction in size with time compared with type 2 lesions.

CONCLUSIONS: NODDI is a promising tool with the potential to detect acute MS inflammation. The observed heterogeneity among lesions may correspond to gradients in severity and clinical recovery after the acute phase.

AD
:   axial diffusivity
DAWM
:   dirty-appearing white matter
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
FU
:   follow-up
GEL
:   gadolinium-enhancing lesion
HC
:   healthy control
MD
:   mean diffusivity
NAWM
:   normal-appearing white matter
NDI
:   neurite density index
NGEL
:   non-gadolinium-enhancing lesion
NODDI
:   neurite orientation dispersion and density Imaging
nODI
:   normalized orientation dispersion index
ODI
:   orientation dispersion index
RD
:   radial diffusivity
VEC
:   extra-neurite compartment" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging for Assessing Acute Inflammation and Lesion Evolution in MS" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/early/2020/11/12/ajnr.A6862" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging is essential for MS diagnosis and management, yet it has limitations in assessing axonal damage and remyelination. Gadolinium-based contrast agents add value by pinpointing acute inflammation and blood-brain barrier leakage, but with drawbacks in safety and cost. Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) assesses microstructural features of neurites contributing to diffusion imaging signals. This approach may resolve the components of MS pathology, overcoming conventional MR imaging limitations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one subjects with MS underwent serial enhanced MRIs (12.6 ± 9 months apart) including NODDI, whose key metrics are the neurite density and orientation dispersion index. Twenty-one age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent unenhanced MR imaging with the same protocol. Fifty-eight gadolinium-enhancing and non-gadolinium-enhancing lesions were semiautomatically segmented at baseline and follow-up. Normal-appearing WM masks were generated by subtracting lesions and dirty-appearing WM from the whole WM.

RESULTS: The orientation dispersion index was higher in gadolinium-enhancing compared with non-gadolinium-enhancing lesions; logistic regression indicated discrimination, with an area under the curve of 0.73. At follow-up, in the 58 previously enhancing lesions, we identified 2 subgroups based on the neurite density index change across time: Type 1 lesions showed increased neurite density values, whereas type 2 lesions showed decreased values. Type 1 lesions showed greater reduction in size with time compared with type 2 lesions.

CONCLUSIONS: NODDI is a promising tool with the potential to detect acute MS inflammation. The observed heterogeneity among lesions may correspond to gradients in severity and clinical recovery after the acute phase.

AD
:   axial diffusivity
DAWM
:   dirty-appearing white matter
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
FU
:   follow-up
GEL
:   gadolinium-enhancing lesion
HC
:   healthy control
MD
:   mean diffusivity
NAWM
:   normal-appearing white matter
NDI
:   neurite density index
NGEL
:   non-gadolinium-enhancing lesion
NODDI
:   neurite orientation dispersion and density Imaging
nODI
:   normalized orientation dispersion index
ODI
:   orientation dispersion index
RD
:   radial diffusivity
VEC
:   extra-neurite compartment" />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging for Assessing Acute Inflammation and Lesion Evolution in MS</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">S. Sacco</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">E. Caverzasi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">N. Papinutto</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">C. Cordano</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">A. Bischof</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">T. Gundel</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">S. Cheng</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">C. Asteggiano</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">G. Kirkish</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">J. Mallot</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10">W.A. Stern</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11">S. Bastianello</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12">R.M. Bove</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13">J.M. Gelfand</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="14">D.S. Goodin</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="15">A.J. Green</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="16">E. Waubant</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="17">M.R. Wilson</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="18">S.S. Zamvil</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="19">B.A. Cree</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="20">S.L. Hauser</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="21">R.G. Henry,</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="22"><span class="nlm-collab" data-hwp-id="collab-1">University of California, San Francisco MS-EPIC Team</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">November 2020,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6862 </span></div>
  
  
  
</div>
<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-86821--61351454075" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Sacco </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Institute of Radiology (S.S., C.A.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BSacco%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sacco%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BSacco%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8789-3099" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Sacco</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Caverzasi </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BCaverzasi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Caverzasi%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BCaverzasi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0350-0460" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E. Caverzasi</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">N. Papinutto </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=N.%2BPapinutto%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Papinutto%20N&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AN.%2BPapinutto%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2184-4782" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for N. Papinutto</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C. Cordano </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.%2BCordano%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cordano%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.%2BCordano%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1413-0442" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C. Cordano</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. Bischof </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.%2BBischof%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bischof%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.%2BBischof%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3862-5738" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A. Bischof</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">T. Gundel </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=T.%2BGundel%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gundel%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AT.%2BGundel%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3384-7323" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for T. Gundel</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Cheng </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BCheng%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cheng%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BCheng%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8669-7931" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Cheng</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C. Asteggiano </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Institute of Radiology (S.S., C.A.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.%2BAsteggiano%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Asteggiano%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.%2BAsteggiano%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-3293" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C. Asteggiano</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">G. Kirkish </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=G.%2BKirkish%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kirkish%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AG.%2BKirkish%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0166-0612" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for G. Kirkish</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Mallot </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BMallot%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mallot%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BMallot%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7309-3605" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J. Mallot</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-10"><div class="author-tooltip-name">W.A. Stern </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=W.A.%2BStern%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Stern%20W&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AW.A.%2BStern%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1236-7654" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for W.A. Stern</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-11"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Bastianello </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, and Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (S.B.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Neuroradiology Department (S.B.), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BBastianello%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bastianello%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BBastianello%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8414-9077" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Bastianello</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-12"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R.M. Bove </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.M.%2BBove%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bove%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.M.%2BBove%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2034-8800" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R.M. Bove</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-13"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J.M. Gelfand </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.M.%2BGelfand%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gelfand%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.M.%2BGelfand%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5121-3319" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J.M. Gelfand</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-14"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D.S. Goodin </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.S.%2BGoodin%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Goodin%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.S.%2BGoodin%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5985-0822" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D.S. Goodin</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-15"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.J. Green </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.J.%2BGreen%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Green%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.J.%2BGreen%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-3066" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A.J. Green</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-16"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Waubant </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BWaubant%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Waubant%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BWaubant%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5188-0157" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for E. Waubant</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-17"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M.R. Wilson </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.R.%2BWilson%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wilson%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.R.%2BWilson%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8705-5084" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M.R. Wilson</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-18"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.S. Zamvil </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.S.%2BZamvil%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Zamvil%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.S.%2BZamvil%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2720-9915" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.S. Zamvil</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-19"><div class="author-tooltip-name">B.A. Cree </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=B.A.%2BCree%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cree%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AB.A.%2BCree%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7689-2533" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for B.A. Cree</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-20"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.L. Hauser </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.L.%2BHauser%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hauser%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.L.%2BHauser%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4932-4001" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.L. Hauser</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-21"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R.G. Henry, </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.G.%2BHenry%2C%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Henry%2BR&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.G.%2BHenry%252C%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-7562" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R.G. 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="contributors"><ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1"><li class="contributor" id="contrib-1"><span class="name">S. Sacco</span><a id="xref-aff-1-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-2-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">b</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-2"><span class="name">E. Caverzasi</span><a id="xref-aff-1-2" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-3"><span class="name">N. Papinutto</span><a id="xref-aff-1-3" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-4"><span class="name">C. Cordano</span><a id="xref-aff-1-4" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-5"><span class="name">A. Bischof</span><a id="xref-aff-1-5" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-6"><span class="name">T. Gundel</span><a id="xref-aff-1-6" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-7"><span class="name">S. Cheng</span><a id="xref-aff-1-7" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-8"><span class="name">C. Asteggiano</span><a id="xref-aff-1-8" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-2-2" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">b</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-9"><span class="name">G. Kirkish</span><a id="xref-aff-1-9" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-10"><span class="name">J. Mallot</span><a id="xref-aff-1-10" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-11"><span class="name">W.A. Stern</span><a id="xref-aff-1-11" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-12"><span class="name">S. Bastianello</span><a id="xref-aff-3-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-3">c</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-4-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-4">d</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-13"><span class="name">R.M. Bove</span><a id="xref-aff-1-12" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-14"><span class="name">J.M. Gelfand</span><a id="xref-aff-1-13" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-15"><span class="name">D.S. Goodin</span><a id="xref-aff-1-14" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-16"><span class="name">A.J. Green</span><a id="xref-aff-1-15" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-17"><span class="name">E. Waubant</span><a id="xref-aff-1-16" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-18"><span class="name">M.R. Wilson</span><a id="xref-aff-1-17" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-19"><span class="name">S.S. Zamvil</span><a id="xref-aff-1-18" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-20"><span class="name">B.A. Cree</span><a id="xref-aff-1-19" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-21"><span class="name">S.L. Hauser</span><a id="xref-aff-1-20" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-22"><span class="name">R.G. Henry,</span><a id="xref-aff-1-21" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">a</a>, </li><li class="last" id="contrib-23"><span class="collab" id="collab-1">University of California, San Francisco MS-EPIC Team</span></li></ol><ol class="affiliation-list"><li class="aff"><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1"></a><address><sup>a</sup>From the Department of Neurology (S.S., E.C., N.P., C.C., A.B., T.G., S.C., C.A., G.K., J.M., W.A.S., R.M.B., J.M.G., D.S.G., A.J.G., E.W., M.R.W., S.S.Z, B.A.C., S.L.H., and R.G.H.), University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-2" name="aff-2"></a><address><sup>b</sup>Institute of Radiology (S.S., C.A.)</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-3" name="aff-3"></a><address><sup>c</sup>Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, and Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (S.B.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-4" name="aff-4"></a><address><sup>d</sup>Neuroradiology Department (S.B.), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy</address></li></ol><ol class="corresp-list"><li class="corresp" id="corresp-1">Please address correspondence to Simone Sacco, MD, <span class="addr-line">Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Ln, San Francisco, CA 94158</span>; e-mail: <span class="em-link"><span class="em-addr">saccosimone88{at}gmail.com</span></span></li></ol></div></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/early/2020/11/12/ajnr.A6862.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sacco</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Caverzasi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">N.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Papinutto</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cordano</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bischof</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">T.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gundel</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cheng</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Asteggiano</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kirkish</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mallot</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">W.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Stern</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bastianello</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bove</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gelfand</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="14"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Goodin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="15"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Green</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="16"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Waubant</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="17"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wilson</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="18"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zamvil</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="19"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cree</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="20"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hauser</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="21"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Henry,</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="22"><span class="nlm-collab" data-hwp-id="collab-1">University of California, San Francisco MS-EPIC Team</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Nov 2020, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A6862 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging for Assessing Acute Inflammation and Lesion Evolution in MS</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sacco</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Caverzasi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">N.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Papinutto</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cordano</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bischof</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">T.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gundel</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cheng</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Asteggiano</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kirkish</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mallot</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">W.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Stern</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bastianello</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bove</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gelfand</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="14"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Goodin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="15"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Green</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="16"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Waubant</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="17"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wilson</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="18"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zamvil</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="19"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cree</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="20"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hauser</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="21"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Henry,</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="22"><span class="nlm-collab" data-hwp-id="collab-1">University of California, San Francisco MS-EPIC Team</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Nov 2020, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A6862 </span></div>
  
  
  
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