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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Impact of SUSAN Denoising and ComBat Harmonization on Machine Learning Model Performance for Malignant Brain Neoplasms" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A8280" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2024-04-11" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Feature variability in radiomics studies due to technical and magnet strength parameters is well known and may be addressed through various pre-processing methods. However, very few studies have evaluated downstream impact of variable pre-processing on model classification performance in a multi-class setting. We sought to evaluate the impact of SUSAN denoising and ComBat harmonization on model classification performance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 493 cases (410 internal and 83 external dataset) of glioblastoma (GB), intracranial metastatic disease (IMD) and primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) underwent semi-automated 3D-segmentation post baseline image processing (BIP) consisting of resampling, realignment, co-registration, skull stripping and image normalization. Post BIP, two sets were generated, one with and another without SUSAN denoising (SD). Radiomics features were extracted from both datasets and batch corrected to produce four datasets: (a) BIP, (b) BIP with SD, (c) BIP with ComBat and (d) BIP with both SD and ComBat harmonization. Performance was then summarized for models using a combination of six feature selection techniques and six machine learning models across four mask-sequence combinations with features derived from one-three (multi-parametric) MRI sequences.

RESULTS: Most top performing models on the external test set used BIP+SD derived features. Overall, use of SD and ComBat harmonization led to a slight but generally consistent improvement in model performance on the external test set.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of image pre-processing steps such as SD and ComBat harmonization may be more useful in a multiinstitutional setting and improve model generalizability. Models derived from only T1-CE images showed comparable performance to models derived from multiparametric MRI." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Girish Bathla" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Neetu Soni" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ian T Mark" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Yanan Liu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Nicholas B Larson" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Blake A Kassmeyer" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Suyash Mohan" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="John C Benson" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Saima Rathore" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Amit Agarwal" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2024-04-10" />
<meta name="article:section" content="ORIGINAL RESEARCH" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Impact of SUSAN Denoising and ComBat Harmonization on Machine Learning Model Performance for Malignant Brain Neoplasms" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Feature variability in radiomics studies due to technical and magnet strength parameters is well known and may be addressed through various pre-processing methods. However, very few studies have evaluated downstream impact of variable pre-processing on model classification performance in a multi-class setting. We sought to evaluate the impact of SUSAN denoising and ComBat harmonization on model classification performance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A total of 493 cases (410 internal and 83 external dataset) of glioblastoma (GB), intracranial metastatic disease (IMD) and primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) underwent semi-automated 3D-segmentation post baseline image processing (BIP) consisting of resampling, realignment, co-registration, skull stripping and image normalization. Post BIP, two sets were generated, one with and another without SUSAN denoising (SD). Radiomics features were extracted from both datasets and batch corrected to produce four datasets: (a) BIP, (b) BIP with SD, (c) BIP with ComBat and (d) BIP with both SD and ComBat harmonization. Performance was then summarized for models using a combination of six feature selection techniques and six machine learning models across four mask-sequence combinations with features derived from one-three (multi-parametric) MRI sequences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Most top performing models on the external test set used BIP+SD derived features. Overall, use of SD and ComBat harmonization led to a slight but generally consistent improvement in model performance on the external test set.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The use of image pre-processing steps such as SD and ComBat harmonization may be more useful in a multiinstitutional setting and improve model generalizability. Models derived from only T1-CE images showed comparable performance to models derived from multiparametric MRI.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/04/10" />
<meta name="citation_mjid" content="ajnr;ajnr.A8280v1" />
<meta name="citation_id" content="ajnr.A8280v1" />
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<meta name="citation_issn" content="0195-6108" />
<meta name="citation_issn" content="1936-959X" />
<meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3174/ajnr.A8280" />
<meta name="citation_pmid" content="38604733" />
<meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research Article" />
<meta name="citation_section" content="ORIGINAL RESEARCH" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Girish Bathla" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Neetu Soni" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Ian T Mark" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Yanan Liu" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Nicholas B Larson" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Blake A Kassmeyer" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Suyash Mohan" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="John C Benson" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Saima Rathore" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Amit Agarwal" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Impact of SUSAN Denoising and ComBat Harmonization on Machine Learning Model Performance for Malignant Brain Neoplasms" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Feature variability in radiomics studies due to technical and magnet strength parameters is well known and may be addressed through various pre-processing methods. However, very few studies have evaluated downstream impact of variable pre-processing on model classification performance in a multi-class setting. We sought to evaluate the impact of SUSAN denoising and ComBat harmonization on model classification performance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 493 cases (410 internal and 83 external dataset) of glioblastoma (GB), intracranial metastatic disease (IMD) and primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) underwent semi-automated 3D-segmentation post baseline image processing (BIP) consisting of resampling, realignment, co-registration, skull stripping and image normalization. Post BIP, two sets were generated, one with and another without SUSAN denoising (SD). Radiomics features were extracted from both datasets and batch corrected to produce four datasets: (a) BIP, (b) BIP with SD, (c) BIP with ComBat and (d) BIP with both SD and ComBat harmonization. Performance was then summarized for models using a combination of six feature selection techniques and six machine learning models across four mask-sequence combinations with features derived from one-three (multi-parametric) MRI sequences.

RESULTS: Most top performing models on the external test set used BIP+SD derived features. Overall, use of SD and ComBat harmonization led to a slight but generally consistent improvement in model performance on the external test set.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of image pre-processing steps such as SD and ComBat harmonization may be more useful in a multiinstitutional setting and improve model generalizability. Models derived from only T1-CE images showed comparable performance to models derived from multiparametric MRI." />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Impact of SUSAN Denoising and ComBat Harmonization on Machine Learning Model Performance for Malignant Brain Neoplasms" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/early/2024/04/10/ajnr.A8280" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Feature variability in radiomics studies due to technical and magnet strength parameters is well known and may be addressed through various pre-processing methods. However, very few studies have evaluated downstream impact of variable pre-processing on model classification performance in a multi-class setting. We sought to evaluate the impact of SUSAN denoising and ComBat harmonization on model classification performance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 493 cases (410 internal and 83 external dataset) of glioblastoma (GB), intracranial metastatic disease (IMD) and primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) underwent semi-automated 3D-segmentation post baseline image processing (BIP) consisting of resampling, realignment, co-registration, skull stripping and image normalization. Post BIP, two sets were generated, one with and another without SUSAN denoising (SD). Radiomics features were extracted from both datasets and batch corrected to produce four datasets: (a) BIP, (b) BIP with SD, (c) BIP with ComBat and (d) BIP with both SD and ComBat harmonization. Performance was then summarized for models using a combination of six feature selection techniques and six machine learning models across four mask-sequence combinations with features derived from one-three (multi-parametric) MRI sequences.

RESULTS: Most top performing models on the external test set used BIP+SD derived features. Overall, use of SD and ComBat harmonization led to a slight but generally consistent improvement in model performance on the external test set.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of image pre-processing steps such as SD and ComBat harmonization may be more useful in a multiinstitutional setting and improve model generalizability. Models derived from only T1-CE images showed comparable performance to models derived from multiparametric MRI." />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Impact of SUSAN Denoising and ComBat Harmonization on Machine Learning Model Performance for Malignant Brain Neoplasms</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Girish Bathla</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Neetu Soni</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Ian T Mark</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">Yanan Liu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Nicholas B Larson</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Blake A Kassmeyer</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">Suyash Mohan</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">John C Benson</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">Saima Rathore</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">Amit Agarwal</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">April 2024,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">ajnr.A8280; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8280 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-107109--61015706912" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Girish Bathla </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Girish%2BBathla%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bathla%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AGirish%2BBathla%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Neetu Soni </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Neetu%2BSoni%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Soni%20N&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ANeetu%2BSoni%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Ian T Mark </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Ian%2BT%2BMark%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mark%20IT&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AIan%2BT%2BMark%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Yanan Liu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Yanan%2BLiu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Liu%20Y&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AYanan%2BLiu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Nicholas B Larson </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Nicholas%2BB%2BLarson%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Larson%20NB&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ANicholas%2BB%2BLarson%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Blake A Kassmeyer </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Blake%2BA%2BKassmeyer%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kassmeyer%20BA&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ABlake%2BA%2BKassmeyer%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Suyash Mohan </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Suyash%2BMohan%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mohan%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ASuyash%2BMohan%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">John C Benson </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=John%2BC%2BBenson%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Benson%20JC&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AJohn%2BC%2BBenson%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Saima Rathore </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiology (N.S, A.A), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Advanced Pulmonary Physiomic Imaging Laboratory (Y.L), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology (S.M), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (S.R), 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Saima%2BRathore%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Rathore%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ASaima%2BRathore%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Amit Agarwal </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Departments of Radiology, (G.B, I.T.M, J.C.B), Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (N.B.L,B.A.K), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; 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