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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Artificial Intelligence-Generated Editorials in Radiology: Can Expert Editors Detect Them?" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A8505" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2024-09-17" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate GPT-4's ability to write radiology editorials and to compare these with human-written counterparts, thereby determining their real-world applicability for scientific writing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen editorials from eight journals were included. To generate the AI-written editorials, the summary of 16 human-written editorials was fed into GPT-4. Six experienced editors reviewed the articles. First, an unpaired approach was used. The raters were asked to evaluate the content of each article using a 1-5 Likert scale across specified metrics. Then, they determined whether the editorials were written by humans or AI. The articles were then evaluated in pairs to determine which article was generated by AI and which should be published. Finally, the articles were analyzed with an AI detector and for plagiarism.

RESULTS: The human-written articles had a median AI probability score of 2.0%, whereas the AI-written articles had 58%. The median similarity score among AI-written articles was 3%. 58% of unpaired articles were correctly classified regarding authorship. Rating accuracy was increased to 70% in the paired setting. AI-written articles received slightly higher scores in most metrics. When stratified by perception, human-written perceived articles were rated higher in most categories. In the paired setting, raters strongly preferred publishing the article they perceived as human-written (82%).

CONCLUSIONS: GPT-4 can write high-quality articles that iThenticate does not flag as plagiarized, which may go undetected by editors, and that detection tools can detect to a limited extent. Editors showed a positive bias toward human-written articles.

ABBREVIATIONS: AI = Artificial intelligence; LLM = large language model; SD = standard deviation." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Burak Berksu Ozkara" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Alexandre Boutet" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Bryan A. Comstock" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Johan Van Goethem" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Thierry A.G.M. Huisman" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Jeffrey S. Ross" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Luca Saba" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Lubdha M. Shah" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Max Wintermark" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Mauricio Castillo" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2024-09-17" />
<meta name="article:section" content="ORIGINAL RESEARCH" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Artificial Intelligence-Generated Editorials in Radiology: Can Expert Editors Detect Them?" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We aimed to evaluate GPT-49s ability to write radiology editorials and to compare these with human-written counterparts, thereby determining their real-world applicability for scientific writing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sixteen editorials from eight journals were included. To generate the AI-written editorials, the summary of 16 human-written editorials was fed into GPT-4. Six experienced editors reviewed the articles. First, an unpaired approach was used. The raters were asked to evaluate the content of each article using a 1-5 Likert scale across specified metrics. Then, they determined whether the editorials were written by humans or AI. The articles were then evaluated in pairs to determine which article was generated by AI and which should be published. Finally, the articles were analyzed with an AI detector and for plagiarism.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The human-written articles had a median AI probability score of 2.0%, whereas the AI-written articles had 58%. The median similarity score among AI-written articles was 3%. 58% of unpaired articles were correctly classified regarding authorship. Rating accuracy was increased to 70% in the paired setting. AI-written articles received slightly higher scores in most metrics. When stratified by perception, human-written perceived articles were rated higher in most categories. In the paired setting, raters strongly preferred publishing the article they perceived as human-written (82%).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;GPT-4 can write high-quality articles that iThenticate does not flag as plagiarized, which may go undetected by editors, and that detection tools can detect to a limited extent. Editors showed a positive bias toward human-written articles.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ABBREVIATIONS: AI = Artificial intelligence; LLM = large language model; SD = standard deviation.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate GPT-4's ability to write radiology editorials and to compare these with human-written counterparts, thereby determining their real-world applicability for scientific writing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen editorials from eight journals were included. To generate the AI-written editorials, the summary of 16 human-written editorials was fed into GPT-4. Six experienced editors reviewed the articles. First, an unpaired approach was used. The raters were asked to evaluate the content of each article using a 1-5 Likert scale across specified metrics. Then, they determined whether the editorials were written by humans or AI. The articles were then evaluated in pairs to determine which article was generated by AI and which should be published. Finally, the articles were analyzed with an AI detector and for plagiarism.

RESULTS: The human-written articles had a median AI probability score of 2.0%, whereas the AI-written articles had 58%. The median similarity score among AI-written articles was 3%. 58% of unpaired articles were correctly classified regarding authorship. Rating accuracy was increased to 70% in the paired setting. AI-written articles received slightly higher scores in most metrics. When stratified by perception, human-written perceived articles were rated higher in most categories. In the paired setting, raters strongly preferred publishing the article they perceived as human-written (82%).

CONCLUSIONS: GPT-4 can write high-quality articles that iThenticate does not flag as plagiarized, which may go undetected by editors, and that detection tools can detect to a limited extent. Editors showed a positive bias toward human-written articles.

ABBREVIATIONS: AI = Artificial intelligence; LLM = large language model; SD = standard deviation." />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Artificial Intelligence-Generated Editorials in Radiology: Can Expert Editors Detect Them?" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/early/2024/09/17/ajnr.A8505" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate GPT-4's ability to write radiology editorials and to compare these with human-written counterparts, thereby determining their real-world applicability for scientific writing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen editorials from eight journals were included. To generate the AI-written editorials, the summary of 16 human-written editorials was fed into GPT-4. Six experienced editors reviewed the articles. First, an unpaired approach was used. The raters were asked to evaluate the content of each article using a 1-5 Likert scale across specified metrics. Then, they determined whether the editorials were written by humans or AI. The articles were then evaluated in pairs to determine which article was generated by AI and which should be published. Finally, the articles were analyzed with an AI detector and for plagiarism.

RESULTS: The human-written articles had a median AI probability score of 2.0%, whereas the AI-written articles had 58%. The median similarity score among AI-written articles was 3%. 58% of unpaired articles were correctly classified regarding authorship. Rating accuracy was increased to 70% in the paired setting. AI-written articles received slightly higher scores in most metrics. When stratified by perception, human-written perceived articles were rated higher in most categories. In the paired setting, raters strongly preferred publishing the article they perceived as human-written (82%).

CONCLUSIONS: GPT-4 can write high-quality articles that iThenticate does not flag as plagiarized, which may go undetected by editors, and that detection tools can detect to a limited extent. Editors showed a positive bias toward human-written articles.

ABBREVIATIONS: AI = Artificial intelligence; LLM = large language model; SD = standard deviation." />
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    <title>Artificial Intelligence-Generated Editorials in Radiology: Can Expert Editors Detect Them? | American Journal of Neuroradiology</title>  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">ORIGINAL RESEARCH</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Artificial Intelligence-Generated Editorials in Radiology: Can Expert Editors Detect Them?</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Burak Berksu Ozkara</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Alexandre Boutet</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Bryan A. Comstock</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">Johan Van Goethem</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Thierry A.G.M. Huisman</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Jeffrey S. Ross</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">Luca Saba</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">Lubdha M. Shah</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">Max Wintermark</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">Mauricio Castillo</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">September 2024,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">ajnr.A8505; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8505 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-110650--6213211750" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Burak Berksu Ozkara </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (A.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biostatistics (B.A. C.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Radiology (J.V.G.), Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Radiology (T.A.G.M.H.), Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiology (J.S.R.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology (L.S.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Radiology (L.M.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Radiology (M.C.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Burak%2BBerksu%2BOzkara%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ozkara%20BB&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ABurak%2BBerksu%2BOzkara%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Alexandre Boutet </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (A.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biostatistics (B.A. C.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Radiology (J.V.G.), Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Radiology (T.A.G.M.H.), Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiology (J.S.R.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology (L.S.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Radiology (L.M.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Radiology (M.C.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Alexandre%2BBoutet%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Boutet%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AAlexandre%2BBoutet%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Bryan A. Comstock </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (A.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biostatistics (B.A. C.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Radiology (J.V.G.), Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Radiology (T.A.G.M.H.), Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiology (J.S.R.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology (L.S.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Radiology (L.M.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Radiology (M.C.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Bryan%2BA.%2BComstock%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Comstock%20BA&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ABryan%2BA.%2BComstock%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Johan Van Goethem </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (A.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biostatistics (B.A. C.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Radiology (J.V.G.), Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Radiology (T.A.G.M.H.), Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiology (J.S.R.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology (L.S.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Radiology (L.M.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Radiology (M.C.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Johan%2BVan%2BGoethem%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Van%20Goethem%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AJohan%2BVan%2BGoethem%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Thierry A.G.M. Huisman </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (A.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biostatistics (B.A. C.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Radiology (J.V.G.), Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Radiology (T.A.G.M.H.), Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiology (J.S.R.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology (L.S.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Radiology (L.M.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Radiology (M.C.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Thierry%2BA.G.M.%2BHuisman%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Huisman%20TA&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AThierry%2BA.G.M.%2BHuisman%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Jeffrey S. Ross </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (A.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biostatistics (B.A. C.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Radiology (J.V.G.), Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Radiology (T.A.G.M.H.), Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiology (J.S.R.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology (L.S.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Radiology (L.M.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Radiology (M.C.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Jeffrey%2BS.%2BRoss%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ross%20JS&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AJeffrey%2BS.%2BRoss%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Luca Saba </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (A.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biostatistics (B.A. C.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Radiology (J.V.G.), Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Radiology (T.A.G.M.H.), Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiology (J.S.R.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology (L.S.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Radiology (L.M.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Radiology (M.C.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Luca%2BSaba%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Saba%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ALuca%2BSaba%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Lubdha M. Shah </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (A.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biostatistics (B.A. C.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Radiology (J.V.G.), Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Radiology (T.A.G.M.H.), Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiology (J.S.R.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology (L.S.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Radiology (L.M.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Radiology (M.C.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Lubdha%2BM.%2BShah%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Shah%20LM&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ALubdha%2BM.%2BShah%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Max Wintermark </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (A.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biostatistics (B.A. C.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Radiology (J.V.G.), Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Radiology (T.A.G.M.H.), Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiology (J.S.R.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology (L.S.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Radiology (L.M.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Radiology (M.C.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Max%2BWintermark%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wintermark%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AMax%2BWintermark%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Mauricio Castillo </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (A.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biostatistics (B.A. C.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Radiology (J.V.G.), Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Radiology (T.A.G.M.H.), Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiology (J.S.R.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology (L.S.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Radiology (L.M.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Radiology (M.C.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Mauricio%2BCastillo%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Castillo%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AMauricio%2BCastillo%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="contributors"><ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1"><li class="contributor" id="contrib-1"><span class="name">Burak Berksu Ozkara</span><a id="xref-aff-1-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-2"><span class="name">Alexandre Boutet</span><a id="xref-aff-1-2" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-3"><span class="name">Bryan A. Comstock</span><a id="xref-aff-1-3" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-4"><span class="name">Johan Van Goethem</span><a id="xref-aff-1-4" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-5"><span class="name">Thierry A.G.M. Huisman</span><a id="xref-aff-1-5" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-6"><span class="name">Jeffrey S. Ross</span><a id="xref-aff-1-6" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-7"><span class="name">Luca Saba</span><a id="xref-aff-1-7" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-8"><span class="name">Lubdha M. Shah</span><a id="xref-aff-1-8" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-9"><span class="name">Max Wintermark</span><a id="xref-aff-1-9" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a> and </li><li class="last" id="contrib-10"><span class="name">Mauricio Castillo</span><a id="xref-aff-1-10" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1"></a></li></ol><ol class="affiliation-list"><li class="aff"><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1"></a><address>From the Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Joint Department of Medical Imaging (A.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biostatistics (B.A. C.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Radiology (J.V.G.), Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Radiology (T.A.G.M.H.), Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiology (J.S.R.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology (L.S.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Radiology (L.M.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Radiology (M.C.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</address></li></ol><ol class="corresp-list"><li class="corresp" id="corresp-1">Please address correspondence to Mauricio Castillo, MD, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 2000 Old Clinic, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; <span class="em-link"><span class="em-addr">mauricio_castillo{at}med.unc.edu</span></span>.</li></ol></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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