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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Preliminary experience with selective laser sintering models of the human temporal bone." />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="1994-03-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="PURPOSE To assess the accuracy of three-dimensional models of the human temporal bone generated from CT data.

METHODS Thin-section CT of a left human cadaveric temporal bone was performed using multiple-scan planes (axial, coronal, and sagittal) at 1.5-mm section thickness and 0.25-mm pixel size with an edge-enhancement two-dimensional algorithm. CT data were converted to toggle point format based upon a threshold value of 200 (approximately -830 HU) obtained from prior experimentation with a CT phantom. Selective laser sintering of polycarbonate powder was performed at a beam diameter of 0.060 inches (1.5 mm), 100 scan lines per inch, layer thickness of 0.010 inches (0.25 mm), and layer repeat factor of 4. The polycarbonate models were then scanned in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes and compared with the original CT data. Anatomic dissection of the models was performed for further verification of the imaging findings.

RESULTS Models of high anatomic accuracy were generated. Shortening by a factor of 0.67 along the Z axis secondary to the layer repeat factor of 4 resulted in distortion of the models. Distortion in the XY plane ranged from 0% to 20%. Differences in model accuracy based on the initial CT scan plane were observed. A significant amount of nonsintered or partially sintered polycarbonate resulted in intermediate density on the CT images.

CONCLUSIONS Selective laser sintering can result in accurate modeling of detailed anatomic structures in the human temporal bone. Further investigation of materials and factors contributing to the accuracy of selective laser sintering in the manufacturing of high-resolution anatomic models is warranted." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R A Levy" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S Guduri" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R H Crawford" />
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Preliminary experience with selective laser sintering models of the human temporal bone." />
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&lt;p&gt;To assess the accuracy of three-dimensional models of the human temporal bone generated from CT data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;METHODS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thin-section CT of a left human cadaveric temporal bone was performed using multiple-scan planes (axial, coronal, and sagittal) at 1.5-mm section thickness and 0.25-mm pixel size with an edge-enhancement two-dimensional algorithm. CT data were converted to toggle point format based upon a threshold value of 200 (approximately -830 HU) obtained from prior experimentation with a CT phantom. Selective laser sintering of polycarbonate powder was performed at a beam diameter of 0.060 inches (1.5 mm), 100 scan lines per inch, layer thickness of 0.010 inches (0.25 mm), and layer repeat factor of 4. The polycarbonate models were then scanned in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes and compared with the original CT data. Anatomic dissection of the models was performed for further verification of the imaging findings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Models of high anatomic accuracy were generated. Shortening by a factor of 0.67 along the Z axis secondary to the layer repeat factor of 4 resulted in distortion of the models. Distortion in the XY plane ranged from 0% to 20%. Differences in model accuracy based on the initial CT scan plane were observed. A significant amount of nonsintered or partially sintered polycarbonate resulted in intermediate density on the CT images.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Selective laser sintering can result in accurate modeling of detailed anatomic structures in the human temporal bone. Further investigation of materials and factors contributing to the accuracy of selective laser sintering in the manufacturing of high-resolution anatomic models is warranted.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="R A Levy" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="S Guduri" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor 48109-0030." />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Preliminary experience with selective laser sintering models of the human temporal bone." />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="PURPOSE To assess the accuracy of three-dimensional models of the human temporal bone generated from CT data.

METHODS Thin-section CT of a left human cadaveric temporal bone was performed using multiple-scan planes (axial, coronal, and sagittal) at 1.5-mm section thickness and 0.25-mm pixel size with an edge-enhancement two-dimensional algorithm. CT data were converted to toggle point format based upon a threshold value of 200 (approximately -830 HU) obtained from prior experimentation with a CT phantom. Selective laser sintering of polycarbonate powder was performed at a beam diameter of 0.060 inches (1.5 mm), 100 scan lines per inch, layer thickness of 0.010 inches (0.25 mm), and layer repeat factor of 4. The polycarbonate models were then scanned in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes and compared with the original CT data. Anatomic dissection of the models was performed for further verification of the imaging findings.

RESULTS Models of high anatomic accuracy were generated. Shortening by a factor of 0.67 along the Z axis secondary to the layer repeat factor of 4 resulted in distortion of the models. Distortion in the XY plane ranged from 0% to 20%. Differences in model accuracy based on the initial CT scan plane were observed. A significant amount of nonsintered or partially sintered polycarbonate resulted in intermediate density on the CT images.

CONCLUSIONS Selective laser sintering can result in accurate modeling of detailed anatomic structures in the human temporal bone. Further investigation of materials and factors contributing to the accuracy of selective laser sintering in the manufacturing of high-resolution anatomic models is warranted." />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Preliminary experience with selective laser sintering models of the human temporal bone." />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="PURPOSE To assess the accuracy of three-dimensional models of the human temporal bone generated from CT data.

METHODS Thin-section CT of a left human cadaveric temporal bone was performed using multiple-scan planes (axial, coronal, and sagittal) at 1.5-mm section thickness and 0.25-mm pixel size with an edge-enhancement two-dimensional algorithm. CT data were converted to toggle point format based upon a threshold value of 200 (approximately -830 HU) obtained from prior experimentation with a CT phantom. Selective laser sintering of polycarbonate powder was performed at a beam diameter of 0.060 inches (1.5 mm), 100 scan lines per inch, layer thickness of 0.010 inches (0.25 mm), and layer repeat factor of 4. The polycarbonate models were then scanned in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes and compared with the original CT data. Anatomic dissection of the models was performed for further verification of the imaging findings.

RESULTS Models of high anatomic accuracy were generated. Shortening by a factor of 0.67 along the Z axis secondary to the layer repeat factor of 4 resulted in distortion of the models. Distortion in the XY plane ranged from 0% to 20%. Differences in model accuracy based on the initial CT scan plane were observed. A significant amount of nonsintered or partially sintered polycarbonate resulted in intermediate density on the CT images.

CONCLUSIONS Selective laser sintering can result in accurate modeling of detailed anatomic structures in the human temporal bone. Further investigation of materials and factors contributing to the accuracy of selective laser sintering in the manufacturing of high-resolution anatomic models is warranted." />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Preliminary experience with selective laser sintering models of the human temporal bone.</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">R A Levy</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">S Guduri</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">R H Crawford</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">March 1994,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">15 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">473-477; </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-5964--6735275861" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R A Levy </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor 48109-0030.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R%2BA%2BLevy%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Levy%20RA&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AR%2BA%2BLevy%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S Guduri </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor 48109-0030.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S%2BGuduri%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Guduri%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AS%2BGuduri%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R H Crawford </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor 48109-0030.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R%2BH%2BCrawford%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Crawford%20RH&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AR%2BH%2BCrawford%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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          <div id="sec-1" class="subsection"><p id="p-1"><strong>PURPOSE</strong> To assess the accuracy of three-dimensional models of the human temporal bone generated from CT data.</p></div>
          <div id="sec-2" class="subsection"><p id="p-2"><strong>METHODS</strong> Thin-section CT of a left human cadaveric temporal bone was performed using multiple-scan planes (axial, coronal, and sagittal) at 1.5-mm section thickness and 0.25-mm pixel size with an edge-enhancement two-dimensional algorithm. CT data were converted to toggle point format based upon a threshold value of 200 (approximately -830 HU) obtained from prior experimentation with a CT phantom. Selective laser sintering of polycarbonate powder was performed at a beam diameter of 0.060 inches (1.5 mm), 100 scan lines per inch, layer thickness of 0.010 inches (0.25 mm), and layer repeat factor of 4. The polycarbonate models were then scanned in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes and compared with the original CT data. Anatomic dissection of the models was performed for further verification of the imaging findings.</p></div>
          <div id="sec-3" class="subsection"><p id="p-3"><strong>RESULTS</strong> Models of high anatomic accuracy were generated. Shortening by a factor of 0.67 along the Z axis secondary to the layer repeat factor of 4 resulted in distortion of the models. Distortion in the XY plane ranged from 0% to 20%. Differences in model accuracy based on the initial CT scan plane were observed. A significant amount of nonsintered or partially sintered polycarbonate resulted in intermediate density on the CT images.</p></div>
          <div id="sec-4" class="subsection"><p id="p-4"><strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong> Selective laser sintering can result in accurate modeling of detailed anatomic structures in the human temporal bone. Further investigation of materials and factors contributing to the accuracy of selective laser sintering in the manufacturing of high-resolution anatomic models is warranted.</p></div>
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Preliminary experience with selective laser sintering models of the human temporal bone.</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">R A</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Levy</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">S</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Guduri</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">R H</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Crawford</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Mar 1994, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">15 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">473-477; </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">R A</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Levy</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">S</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Guduri</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">R H</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Crawford</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Mar 1994, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">15 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">473-477; </span></div>
  
  
  
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