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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Optimization of gradient-echo MR for calcium detection." />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="1994-03-01" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="PURPOSE To determine optimal MR gradient-echo sequences for the visualization of calcium in neurologic MR.

METHOD The dependence of signal intensity and image contrast on the imaging parameters repetition time, echo time, flip angle, and spoiling were measured for hydroxyapatite samples. Calculations of signal intensity were shown to correspond to these measures.

RESULTS Optimum detectability was obtained with an echo time of 29 msec and was independent of spoiling. As repetition time ranged from 30 msec to 700 msec, the optimal flip angle ranged from 17 degrees to 66 degrees.

CONCLUSIONS Gradient-echo sequences that optimize the contrast for detection of calcium in neurologic imaging have been determined." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M Henkelman" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="W Kucharczyk" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="1994-03-01" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Optimization of gradient-echo MR for calcium detection." />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;PURPOSE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To determine optimal MR gradient-echo sequences for the visualization of calcium in neurologic MR.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;METHOD&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The dependence of signal intensity and image contrast on the imaging parameters repetition time, echo time, flip angle, and spoiling were measured for hydroxyapatite samples. Calculations of signal intensity were shown to correspond to these measures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Optimum detectability was obtained with an echo time of 29 msec and was independent of spoiling. As repetition time ranged from 30 msec to 700 msec, the optimal flip angle ranged from 17 degrees to 66 degrees.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gradient-echo sequences that optimize the contrast for detection of calcium in neurologic imaging have been determined.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="M Henkelman" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="W Kucharczyk" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="PURPOSE To determine optimal MR gradient-echo sequences for the visualization of calcium in neurologic MR.

METHOD The dependence of signal intensity and image contrast on the imaging parameters repetition time, echo time, flip angle, and spoiling were measured for hydroxyapatite samples. Calculations of signal intensity were shown to correspond to these measures.

RESULTS Optimum detectability was obtained with an echo time of 29 msec and was independent of spoiling. As repetition time ranged from 30 msec to 700 msec, the optimal flip angle ranged from 17 degrees to 66 degrees.

CONCLUSIONS Gradient-echo sequences that optimize the contrast for detection of calcium in neurologic imaging have been determined." />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="PURPOSE To determine optimal MR gradient-echo sequences for the visualization of calcium in neurologic MR.

METHOD The dependence of signal intensity and image contrast on the imaging parameters repetition time, echo time, flip angle, and spoiling were measured for hydroxyapatite samples. Calculations of signal intensity were shown to correspond to these measures.

RESULTS Optimum detectability was obtained with an echo time of 29 msec and was independent of spoiling. As repetition time ranged from 30 msec to 700 msec, the optimal flip angle ranged from 17 degrees to 66 degrees.

CONCLUSIONS Gradient-echo sequences that optimize the contrast for detection of calcium in neurologic imaging have been determined." />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Optimization of gradient-echo MR for calcium detection.</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">M Henkelman</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">W Kucharczyk</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">March 1994,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">15 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">465-472; </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-5983--6247057035" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M Henkelman </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M%2BHenkelman%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Henkelman%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AM%2BHenkelman%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">W Kucharczyk </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=W%2BKucharczyk%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kucharczyk%20W&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AW%2BKucharczyk%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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          <div id="sec-1" class="subsection"><p id="p-1"><strong>PURPOSE</strong> To determine optimal MR gradient-echo sequences for the visualization of calcium in neurologic MR.</p></div>
          <div id="sec-2" class="subsection"><p id="p-2"><strong>METHOD</strong> The dependence of signal intensity and image contrast on the imaging parameters repetition time, echo time, flip angle, and spoiling were measured for hydroxyapatite samples. Calculations of signal intensity were shown to correspond to these measures.</p></div>
          <div id="sec-3" class="subsection"><p id="p-3"><strong>RESULTS</strong> Optimum detectability was obtained with an echo time of 29 msec and was independent of spoiling. As repetition time ranged from 30 msec to 700 msec, the optimal flip angle ranged from 17 degrees to 66 degrees.</p></div>
          <div id="sec-4" class="subsection"><p id="p-4"><strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong> Gradient-echo sequences that optimize the contrast for detection of calcium in neurologic imaging have been determined.</p></div>
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Optimization of gradient-echo MR for calcium detection.</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">M</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Henkelman</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">W</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kucharczyk</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Mar 1994, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">15 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">465-472; </span></div>
  
  
  
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